{"slug":"epilepsy","article_type":"general","counts":{"suggestion":7,"warning":11,"error":4},"lints":[{"matched":"; ","line":4,"position":95,"message":"Use semicolons judiciously.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.Semicolons","match":"<li><p>at least two or more unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart; or<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"at least two or more unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart; or","display":"at least two or more unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart<mark>; <\/mark>or","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"; ","line":5,"position":183,"message":"Use semicolons judiciously.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.Semicolons","match":"<li><p>one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years; or<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years; or","display":"one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years<mark>; <\/mark>or","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"<strong>Drug resistant epilepsy<\/strong>","line":8,"position":4,"message":"Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Drug resistant epilepsy<\/strong>'","severity":"warning","condition":"Radiopaedia.Strong","match":"<p><strong>Drug resistant epilepsy<\/strong> is defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as epilepsy in which sustained seizure freedom (of at least 12 months) has not been achieved despite adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiseizure medications, whether as monotherapies or in combination <sup>16<\/sup>.<\/p>","trimmed":"Drug resistant epilepsy is defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as epilepsy in which sustained seizure freedom (of at least 12 months) has not been achieved despite adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiseizure medications, whether as monotherapies or in combination 16.","display":"<mark><strong>Drug resistant epilepsy<\/strong><\/mark> is defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as epilepsy in which sustained seizure freedom (of at least 12 months) has not been achieved despite adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used antiseizure medications, whether as monotherapies or in combination <sup>16<\/sup>.","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"SUDEP","line":15,"position":132,"message":"'SUDEP' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.","severity":"warning","condition":"Radiopaedia.Acronyms","match":"<li><p>physical effects\/complications of epileptic seizures, e.g. injury, death (including <a>sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)<\/a>), neurocognitive deterioration<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"physical effects\/complications of epileptic seizures, e.g. injury, death (including sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)), neurocognitive deterioration","display":"physical effects\/complications of epileptic seizures, e.g. injury, death (including sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (<mark>SUDEP<\/mark>)), neurocognitive deterioration","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"(e.g. sensory or autonomic)","line":29,"position":46,"message":"Consider replacing a bracketed e.g. with an inline e.g. after a comma.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.InlineEG","match":"<li><p>may be motor onset or non-motor onset (e.g. sensory or autonomic)<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"may be motor onset or non-motor onset (e.g. sensory or autonomic)","display":"may be motor onset or non-motor onset <mark>(e.g. sensory or autonomic)<\/mark>","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":",","line":36,"position":29,"message":"More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.Commas","match":"<li><p>may be motor seizures, e.g. tonic-clonic (preferred term to 'grand mal') seizure, clonic seizure, tonic seizure, myoclonic-tonic-clonic seizure, myoclonic-atonic seizure, atonic seizure<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"may be motor seizures, e.g. tonic-clonic (preferred term to 'grand mal') seizure, clonic seizure, tonic seizure, myoclonic-tonic-clonic seizure, myoclonic-atonic seizure, atonic seizure","display":"may be motor seizures<mark>,<\/mark> e.g. tonic-clonic (preferred term to 'grand mal') seizure, clonic seizure, tonic seizure, myoclonic-tonic-clonic seizure, myoclonic-atonic seizure, atonic seizure","supportsExceptions":false},{"matched":",","line":63,"position":16,"message":"More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.Commas","match":"<li><p>acquired, e.g. <a>stroke<\/a>, <a>cerebral palsy<\/a>, post <a>meningitis<\/a>, <a>traumatic brain injury<\/a>, <a>vascular malformations<\/a>, <a>mesial temporal sclerosis<\/a>, <a>meningoencephaloceles<\/a>, <a>tumours<\/a> (e.g. <a>long-term epilepsy-associated tumours<\/a>, low-grade gliomas, etc.), <a>porencephalic cysts<\/a><\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"acquired, e.g. stroke, cerebral palsy, post meningitis, traumatic brain injury, vascular malformations, mesial temporal sclerosis, meningoencephaloceles, tumours (e.g. long-term epilepsy-associated tumours, low-grade gliomas, etc.), porencephalic cysts","display":"acquired<mark>,<\/mark> e.g. stroke, cerebral palsy, post meningitis, traumatic brain injury, vascular malformations, mesial temporal sclerosis, meningoencephaloceles, tumours (e.g. long-term epilepsy-associated tumours, low-grade gliomas, etc.), porencephalic cysts","supportsExceptions":false},{"matched":"(e.g. Dravet syndrome and fragile X syndrome), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. tuberous sclerosis), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and ring chromosome 20 syndrome)","line":70,"position":29,"message":"Consider replacing a bracketed e.g. with an inline e.g. after a comma.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.InlineEG","match":"<li><p>e.g. channelopathies (e.g. <a>Dravet syndrome<\/a> and <a>fragile X syndrome<\/a>), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. <a>tuberous sclerosis<\/a>), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. <a>Down syndrome<\/a>, <a>Klinefelter syndrome<\/a>, and <a>ring chromosome 20 syndrome<\/a>)<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"e.g. channelopathies (e.g. Dravet syndrome and fragile X syndrome), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. tuberous sclerosis), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and ring chromosome 20 syndrome)","display":"e.g. channelopathies (e.g. Dravet syndrome and fragile X syndrome), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. tuberous sclerosis), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and ring chromosome 20 syndrome)","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and","line":70,"position":180,"message":"An e.g. list gives selected examples, so it should not end with 'and' or 'or': 'e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and'.","severity":"warning","condition":"Radiopaedia.EGListAnd","match":"<li><p>e.g. channelopathies (e.g. <a>Dravet syndrome<\/a> and <a>fragile X syndrome<\/a>), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. <a>tuberous sclerosis<\/a>), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. <a>Down syndrome<\/a>, <a>Klinefelter syndrome<\/a>, and <a>ring chromosome 20 syndrome<\/a>)<\/p><\/li>","trimmed":"e.g. channelopathies (e.g. Dravet syndrome and fragile X syndrome), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. tuberous sclerosis), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and ring chromosome 20 syndrome)","display":"e.g. channelopathies (e.g. Dravet syndrome and fragile X syndrome), neurocutaneous syndromes (e.g. tuberous sclerosis), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and ring chromosome 20 syndrome)","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"SISCOM","line":98,"position":376,"message":"'SISCOM' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.","severity":"warning","condition":"Radiopaedia.Acronyms","match":"<p>If perfusion neuroimaging is performed during a seizure (i.e. ictal SPECT), it can be useful for localising the epileptogenic zone <sup>6,7<\/sup>. Postictal SPECT and interictal SPECT are less sensitive than ictal SPECT <sup>12<\/sup>, however, ictal-interictal SPECT subtraction, particularly with MRI coregistration (i.e. <a>subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI (SISCOM)<\/a>), can be highly sensitive <sup>13,14<\/sup>.<\/p>","trimmed":"If perfusion neuroimaging is performed during a seizure (i.e. ictal SPECT), it can be useful for localising the epileptogenic zone 6,7. Postictal SPECT and interictal SPECT are less sensitive than ictal SPECT 12, however, ictal-interictal SPECT subtraction, particularly with MRI coregistration (i.e. subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI (SISCOM)), can be highly sensitive 13,14.","display":"If perfusion neuroimaging is performed during a seizure (i.e. ictal SPECT), it can be useful for localising the epileptogenic zone <sup>6,7<\/sup>. Postictal SPECT and interictal SPECT are less sensitive than ictal SPECT <sup>12<\/sup>, however, ictal-interictal SPECT subtraction, particularly with MRI coregistration (i.e. subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI (<mark>SISCOM<\/mark>)), can be highly sensitive <sup>13,14<\/sup>.","supportsExceptions":true},{"matched":"(99mTc)","line":99,"position":92,"message":"Use parentheses judiciously. There are at least 3 sets in this paragraph.","severity":"suggestion","condition":"Radiopaedia.Parentheses","match":"<p>Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include <a>technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD)<\/a> and <a><sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)<\/a>, which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.<\/p>","trimmed":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (99mTc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 18.","display":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and <sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.","supportsExceptions":false},{"matched":"99mTc","line":99,"position":98,"message":"Write the isotope as symbol-mass, e.g. F-18, not '99mTc'.","severity":"error","condition":"Radiopaedia.IsotopeNotation","match":"<p>Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include <a>technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD)<\/a> and <a><sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)<\/a>, which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.<\/p>","trimmed":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (99mTc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 18.","display":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and <sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.","supportsExceptions":false},{"matched":"99mTc","line":99,"position":98,"message":"Put a space between the number and the unit in '99mTc'.","severity":"error","condition":"Radiopaedia.Units","match":"<p>Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include <a>technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD)<\/a> and <a><sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)<\/a>, which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.<\/p>","trimmed":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (99mTc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 18.","display":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and <sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.","supportsExceptions":false},{"matched":"99mTc","line":99,"position":156,"message":"Write the isotope as symbol-mass, e.g. F-18, not '99mTc'.","severity":"error","condition":"Radiopaedia.IsotopeNotation","match":"<p>Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include <a>technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD)<\/a> and <a><sup>99m<\/sup>Tc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)<\/a>, which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) <sup>18<\/sup>.<\/p>","trimmed":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (99mTc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) and 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO), which allow imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 18.","display":"Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals for SPECT epilepsy imaging include technetium-99m (<sup>99m<\/sup>Tc) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) 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