"Proposed by Torpin in 1965 10, it is still the most widely accepted theory.A disruption in the amnion allows the embryo or fetus to enter the chorionic cavity, where body parts become entangled in fibrous mesodermic strands emanating from the chorionic side of the amnion. If occurring early in gestation, this can potentially cause multiple malformations."
Expected headings
"Exogenous theory"
"Endogenous theory"
"Associations"
"Head/face entrapment"
"Truncal entrapment"
"Extremity entrapment"
"There is a massive spectrum of abnormalities, depending on which part becomes entrapped and at what stage of gestation. Features are often asymmetrical. Observable features according to location include:"
"The prognosis is extremely variable, depending on the part that becomes entrapped. This can range from normal life expectancy at one extreme in the case of a minor distal limb entrapment as a surgical repair, to in-utero demise in the case of anencephaly from head entrapment 11. There is no recognised risk of recurrence for future pregnancies."