"T4: tumour of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g. vagina, urethra, bladder"
"NB direct invasion of the rectal wall, perirectal skin, subcutaneous tissue, or the sphincter muscle(s) is not classified as T4"
"Anal cancer staging refers to the TNM classification of anal cancer published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The most recent version of the AJCC staging system for anal cancer, version 9, was published in 2022 with a required use date of 1 January 2023 3."
"Anal cancer staging refers to the TNM classification of anal cancer published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The most recent version of the AJCC staging system for anal cancer, version 9, was published in 2022 with a required use date of 1 January 2023 3."
"Anal cancer staging refers to the TNM classification of anal cancer published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The most recent version of the AJCC staging system for anal cancer, version 9, was published in 2022 with a required use date of 1 January 2023 3."
"TX: primary tumour cannot be assessed"
"Tis: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II-III)"
"Tis: carcinoma in situ (Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], anal intraepithelial neoplasia II-III (AIN II-III)"
"Primary tumour (T)"
"Regional lymph nodes (N)"
"Distant metastasis (M)"
"Nx: regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed"
"N1a: metastases in inguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliac (including obturator) lymph nodes"
"N1b: metastases in external iliac lymph nodes"
"N1c: metastases in external iliac and N1a nodes (inguinal, mesorectal, and/or internal iliac (including obturator) lymph nodes)"
Expected headings
"Staging"
"Primary tumour (T)"
"Regional lymph nodes (N)"
"Distant metastasis (M)"