"mid-wall or subendocardial enhancement may be seen in the apex or other left ventricular regions, indicating myocardial fibrosis."
"Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM or ApHCM), also known as Yamaguchi syndrome, is a rare form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that usually involves the apex of the left ventricle, rarely involves the right ventricular apex, or involves both apices."
"Historically, this condition was thought to be confined to the Japanese population, but it is also found in other populations. Of all hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients in Japan, the prevalence of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was 15-25% (cf. US ~3%)."
"Compared with other variants of HCM, the prognosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is relatively benign. The overall mortality rate of AHCM patients has been reported ~10.5% and cardiovascular mortality ~1.9% after a follow-up of 13.6 ± 8.3 years 1."
"Compared with other variants of HCM, the prognosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is relatively benign. The overall mortality rate of AHCM patients has been reported ~10.5% and cardiovascular mortality ~1.9% after a follow-up of 13.6 ± 8.3 years 1."
Expected headings
"ECG"
"Types"
"MRI"
"Over half of patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are thought to be asymptomatic, but the most common presenting symptom is chest pain, followed by palpitations, dyspnoea and syncope. It may also manifest as morbid events such as atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, embolic events, ventricular fibrillation and/or congestive heart failure."
"marked ventricular wall thickening at the apex resulting in cavity narrowing at the apex with a relatively normal appearance of the mid-ventricular to basal wall and cavit; on a long-axis views, the left ventricle takes on the appearance resembling a playing card spade 16-18"