"Bähren classification of left varicoceles:"
"IIa: insufficient confluence valve function"
"IIb: sufficient confluence valve function"
"type 0: no evidence of venous reflux in internal spermatic vein (ISV)"
"type I: single ISV with insufficient or absent valve"
"type II: single ISV with ≥ 2 ostia to renal vein; may be branches to ascending lumbar/retroperitoneal veins"
"IIa: insufficient confluence valve function"
"IIb: sufficient confluence valve function"
"type III: single incompetent ISV at renal vein junction, with caudal duplication"
"type IV: valveless collaterals between ISV and segmental renal/retroperitoneal veins"
"IVa: insufficient confluence valve"
"IVb: sufficient confluence valve function"
"type V: IVC or renal vein anomaly; ISV may enter IVC/renal/ascending lumbar veins"
Expected headings
"Related articles"
"type II: single ISV with ≥ 2 ostia to renal vein; may be branches to ascending lumbar/retroperitoneal veins"
"type V: IVC or renal vein anomaly; ISV may enter IVC/renal/ascending lumbar veins"