"AIS and MIA are an uncommonly diagnosed and represent between 2 and 14% of all primary lung malignancies 11. However adenocarcinoma is common, comprising 39–46% of all lung cancers in males and 57–60% in females. This is the most prevalent histological type in non-smokers, the female to male ratio is about 2:1 and there is a higher incidence in East Asia."
"AIS and MIA are an uncommonly diagnosed and represent between 2 and 14% of all primary lung malignancies 11. However adenocarcinoma is common, comprising 39–46% of all lung cancers in males and 57–60% in females. This is the most prevalent histological type in non-smokers, the female to male ratio is about 2:1 and there is a higher incidence in East Asia."
"A solid component confers a risk of early, extrathoracic, and multisite recurrence, as well as poorer overall and post-recurrence survival, even in stage I disease, and this is proportional to the size of the solid component. Patients with solid-predominant tumours also respond less favorably to adjuvant chemotherapy and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors."
"germline and somatic mutations e.g. EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, TP53, drive progression from preinvasive lesions to invasive disease"
"germline and somatic mutations e.g. EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, TP53, drive progression from preinvasive lesions to invasive disease"
"germline and somatic mutations e.g. EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, TP53, drive progression from preinvasive lesions to invasive disease"
"EGFR mutations are particularly common in never-smokers and Asian patients, while KRAS mutations are more frequent in smokers"
"EGFR mutations are particularly common in never-smokers and Asian patients, while KRAS mutations are more frequent in smokers"
"chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis e.g. fibrotic lung conditions, especially idopathic pulmonary fibrosis, - related to duration and severity, and other fibrotic disease, particularly when a UIP pattern is present 18"
"A solid component confers a risk of early, extrathoracic, and multisite recurrence, as well as poorer overall and post-recurrence survival, even in stage I disease, and this is proportional to the size of the solid component. Patients with solid-predominant tumours also respond less favorably to adjuvant chemotherapy and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors."
"Mucinous tumours (IMA) have frequent KRAS mutations and worse outcomes in advanced disease with lower response rates to immunotherapy. Recurrence rates for mucinous tumours are worse than lepidic-predominant tumours but better than solid or micropapillary subtypes."
"The shifting terminology of non-invasive adenocarcinoma reflects both an increased utilisation of immunohistochemical testing, as well as advances in personalized cancer treatment. Beginning with the 1999 World Health Organisation guidelines, there has been an attempt to isolate purely non-invasive and minimally-invasive adenocarcinoma from more advanced adenocarcinoma, due to uniquely favourable prognosis in the former 14. Prior to the 2011 IASLC/ATS/ERS update, various forms of invasive disease remained lumped into the BAC category."
"The shifting terminology of non-invasive adenocarcinoma reflects both an increased utilisation of immunohistochemical testing, as well as advances in personalized cancer treatment. Beginning with the 1999 World Health Organisation guidelines, there has been an attempt to isolate purely non-invasive and minimally-invasive adenocarcinoma from more advanced adenocarcinoma, due to uniquely favourable prognosis in the former 14. Prior to the 2011 IASLC/ATS/ERS update, various forms of invasive disease remained lumped into the BAC category."
"The shifting terminology of non-invasive adenocarcinoma reflects both an increased utilisation of immunohistochemical testing, as well as advances in personalized cancer treatment. Beginning with the 1999 World Health Organisation guidelines, there has been an attempt to isolate purely non-invasive and minimally-invasive adenocarcinoma from more advanced adenocarcinoma, due to uniquely favourable prognosis in the former 14. Prior to the 2011 IASLC/ATS/ERS update, various forms of invasive disease remained lumped into the BAC category."
"environmental exposures e.g. radon, asbestos and air pollution"
"chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis e.g. fibrotic lung conditions, especially idopathic pulmonary fibrosis, - related to duration and severity, and other fibrotic disease, particularly when a UIP pattern is present 18"
"Adenocarcinoma in situ: ≤3 cm, demonstrates a lepidic growth pattern, spreading along the walls of the lung without destroying the underlying architecture. In addition, they are characterised by the absence of stromal, vascular or pleural invasion."
"May show segmental or lobar consolidation with chronic unilateral airspace opacification and air bronchograms. Can also present as a pulmonary nodule, mass or a cluster of diffuse nodules 1,2. The nodular form (commonest) can be indistinguishable from another subtype of adenocarcinoma or inflammatory granuloma on plain film 1."
"a region of ground glass, with or without consolidation"
"There are three recognised radiographic patterns 1"
"History and etymology"