"A good mnemonic to remember these principles is ABCDE:"
"In addition to treating the underlying cause of heart failure, management is directed at dietary and lifestyle changes, medications including ACE inhibitors or beta blockers and if appropriate, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT)."
"A - alveolar oedema (bat wing opacities)"
"B - Kerley B lines"
"E - pleural effusion"
Expected headings
"This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists"
"Reference article"
"Left ventricular failure"
"Right ventricular failure"
"Echocardiography"
"This is a summary article; read more in our article on heart failure."
"Although it is useful to divide the signs and symptoms of heart failure according to the degree of left or right ventricular dysfunction, the heart is an integrated pump, and patients commonly present with both sets of signs and symptoms. Additionally, signs and symptoms may reflect specific causes or aggravators of heart failure."
"On examination tachypnoea, dyspnoea, tachycardia, hypotension and cyanosis may be observed. Palpation may reveal a laterally displaced apex beat while cardiac auscultation may elicit murmurs such as aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation. Features of pulmonary oedema such as inspiratory bibasal crackles not cleared on coughing, diminished breath sounds and dullness to percussion may also be noted."
"Myocardial damage due to myocardial infarcts, cardiomyopathy and myocarditis can cause or aggravate heart failure. Additionally, valvular disease such as aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation may result in heart failure as well. Further causes include conduction defects, cardiac arrhythmia and infiltrative/matrix disorders."
"Systemic factors that may contribute or exacerbate heart failure include anaemia, hyperthyroidism or hypertension."