"type 1: proximal pseudoarthrosis"
"type 2: proximal osseous bridge with distal notch"
"type 3: complete fusion"
"type 4: complete fusion with other carpal anomalies"
"Carpal fusion is a misnomer, as the failure of normal segmentation of carpal mesenchyme results in this anomaly 7,8. Carpal coalition is a less contentious term as its definition is a connection between two bones; it says nothing about how they came to be connected 9."
"The estimated prevalence is probably"
"there are several associated syndromes including Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, Holt-Oram syndrome, otopalatodigital spectrum disorders, arthrogryposis, Turner syndrome, symphalangism, Nievergelt syndrome 7,11,12"
"The estimated prevalence is probably"
"There is no consensus system, with the Minnaar classification the most widely used (c. 2013) 7,12:"