"Has an average reported prevalance of around 15% in all autogenous haemodialysis fistulas3. A haemodynamically significant cephalic arch stenosis have been reported in a high proportion (range ~30–77%) of dysfunctional brachiocephalic fistulas 1."
"Has an average reported prevalance of around 15% in all autogenous haemodialysis fistulas3. A haemodynamically significant cephalic arch stenosis have been reported in a high proportion (range ~30–77%) of dysfunctional brachiocephalic fistulas 1."
"higher flow within the cephalic arch can be secondary to greater arterial inflow (brachial artery vs radial artery) as well as alternative venous outflow seen in radiocephalic fistulas, such as through the median cubital vein to the basilic vein."
"Doppler ultrasound "
"Often there is increased blood flow velocities at cephalic arch region (some suggest a velocity of 4 m/s at with an insonation angle of 60° or a peak systolic velocity ratio between the stenosis and an adjacent normal segment of > 3 as an criteria for considering intervention."
Expected headings
"Doppler ultrasound "
"CT angiography"