Expected headings
"Associations"
"A more modern conceptual model suggests a primary injury usually involving the anterior talofibular and/or calcaneofibular ligament as an important cause for the development of chronic ankle instability and one or more additional possible causative factors. These include pathomechanical impairments such as ligament laxity, kinematic restrictions, secondary tissue injury or tissue adaptations as well as sensory-perceptual and motor behavioural impairments, which include diminished somatosensation, perceived instability, altered reflexes, neuromuscular inhibition, muscle weakness, balance deficits and others. Furthermore, personal and environmental factors play a role in the development of chronic ankle instability 3-5."
"Furthermore, it can show associated injuries and/or articular pathologies which can cause ankle pain despite lateral ankle ligament repair such as deltoid ligament injury, syndesmotic injury, peroneal or flexor tendon injury as well as chondral or osteochondral lesions, intraarticular loose bodies tibiotalar spurs or the different forms of ankle impingement 9,10,12."
"Even with chronic ankle instability, a minimal period of 3-6 months of conservative management should be considered involving a comprehensive rehabilitation program including physical therapy early motion or movement exercises, strengthening exercises, balance training and endurance and agility exercises as well as training emphasising proprioception, neuromuscular and postural control 11,13,14."
"A more modern conceptual model suggests a primary injury usually involving the anterior talofibular and/or calcaneofibular ligament as an important cause for the development of chronic ankle instability and one or more additional possible causative factors. These include pathomechanical impairments such as ligament laxity, kinematic restrictions, secondary tissue injury or tissue adaptations as well as sensory-perceptual and motor behavioural impairments, which include diminished somatosensation, perceived instability, altered reflexes, neuromuscular inhibition, muscle weakness, balance deficits and others. Furthermore, personal and environmental factors play a role in the development of chronic ankle instability 3-5."
"neuromuscular, postural and strength deficiencies"
"Imaging is important in the assessment of primary and secondary tissue injury, which includes ligament injury and concomitant osseous, chondral or tendinous injuries. It can provide additional information in respect to the pathomechanical or structural impairments e.g. ankle impingement."
"Furthermore, it can show associated injuries and/or articular pathologies which can cause ankle pain despite lateral ankle ligament repair such as deltoid ligament injury, syndesmotic injury, peroneal or flexor tendon injury as well as chondral or osteochondral lesions, intraarticular loose bodies tibiotalar spurs or the different forms of ankle impingement 9,10,12."
"Typical MRI features of a ligament injury include torn or absence of the ligament, wavy or irregular contours, thickening and or increased signal in T2 weighted images 13."
"Typical MRI features of a ligament injury include torn or absence of the ligament, wavy or irregular contours, thickening and or increased signal in T2 weighted images 13."
"Even with chronic ankle instability, a minimal period of 3-6 months of conservative management should be considered involving a comprehensive rehabilitation program including physical therapy early motion or movement exercises, strengthening exercises, balance training and endurance and agility exercises as well as training emphasising proprioception, neuromuscular and postural control 11,13,14."