"The CISS (Chinese Ischaemic Stroke Subclassification) classification is a two-step system designed to improve the aetiological classification of ischaemic stroke, with greater accuracy compared to the TOAST system 1,2."
"CISS provides a precise, imaging-driven classification of ischaemic stroke, surpassing TOAST by reducing undetermined cases, refining subtyping, and enhancing prevention and research, with strong reliability but needing further validation ref."
"other aetiology (e.g. vasculitides, infectious or inherited disease, tumour emboli)"
"other aetiology (e.g. vasculitides, infectious or inherited disease, tumour emboli)"