""Cysteine" refers to the amino acid. "Cystine" is the oxidized dimer of the amino acid."
"Mutations in two genes are associated with the defect in the transporter: SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3A1) and SLC7A9. Incomplete penetrance of the gene often results in a lower concentration of cystine in the urine and not all patients with the mutation will form stones."
"Cystine stones present similarly to other renal stones: flank pain, nausea and vomiting, haematuria."
"decrease cysteine intake (e.g. decrease animal protein intake)"