"T1: may be seen as low signal polypoidal lesion"
Expected headings
"Fluoroscopy"
"Chronic irritation from infection, calculi or even tumours results in metaplasia of the urothelium, which proliferates into buds, which grow down into the connective tissue beneath the epithelium in the lamina propria. In the case of cystitis glandularis, the buds then differentiate into mucin-producing goblet cells (whereas in cystitis cystica they differentiate into fluid-filled cysts). In most cases, examples of both conditions can be identified histologically."
"There are two main types of cystitis glandularis, non-mucinous and mucinous (intestinal). There could also be focal or diffuse involvement of the bladder. The intestinal subtype of cystitis glandularis and diffuse lesions have been proposed to be a precursor of adenocarcinoma. However, certain authors have considered cystitis glandularis to be a chronic and quiescent histologic lesion without any clinical significance."
"urothelial carcinoma (urinary bladder): an intact muscle layer is seen in cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis; this usually requires an MRI in order to better distinguish the bladder wall layers"