"Some nitrogenous bases constituting the nucleic acids, if radiolabeled (for example 5 [125I] -2'-deoxyuridine) can be used, in vitro or in vivo, to estimate the extent of cell proliferation in oncology 12."
"The two polynucleotide chains, on the other hand, are joined by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds); they are established between the complementary heterocyclic base pairs: two H-bonds between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and three H-bonds between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 4."
"The two polynucleotide chains, on the other hand, are joined by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds); they are established between the complementary heterocyclic base pairs: two H-bonds between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and three H-bonds between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 4."
"The two polynucleotide chains, on the other hand, are joined by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds); they are established between the complementary heterocyclic base pairs: two H-bonds between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and three H-bonds between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 4."
"The two polynucleotide chains, on the other hand, are joined by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds); they are established between the complementary heterocyclic base pairs: two H-bonds between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and three H-bonds between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 4."
"Gene editing technologies allow precise modifications in DNA; among these, CRISPR-Cas9 technology (and its evolutions, CRISPR-Cas12,13 and 14) stands out for its efficiency and versatility. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) uses an RNA guide to direct the Cas9 enzyme towards specific DNA sequences, allowing their modification or removal. Although the applications of gene editing are promising, they impose important ethical considerations 26-30."
"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique to multiply copies of DNA and quantify potential genomes present in a given sample preparation 10. The technique was developed by K B Mullis, Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. In the specific case of RNA sequences, these must first be reverse-transcribed into DNA (RT-PCR) 11."
"In the early fifties, Erwin Chargaff, a biochemist at Columbia University (USA) observed some regularities in the distribution of the nitrogenous bases that make up double-stranded DNA: the percentages of adenine and thymine are equivalent as are those of guanine and cytosine (Chargaff first parity rule). It was precisely this pairing rule that was the basis of the double helix model proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953 19-21."
Expected headings
"Molecular structure"
"Primary structure"
"Secondary structure"
"Epigenetics"
"DNA methylation"
"Practical applications"
"Circulating tumour DNA"
"Polymerase chain reaction"
"Radiolabeled nitrogen bases"
"Gene editing"
"DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that encodes the genetic information (genome) necessary for RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcription (transcriptome) and protein synthesis (proteome) 1. It is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of chromatin or chromosomes 7,8. Human DNA is characterised by numerous interindividual variations: genes, in fact, also act in a probabilistic and not just deterministic way in defining a phenotype 23. Furthermore, because only about 2% of the human genome contains protein coding sequences, the rest had been defined as “junk DNA” 24 but is now understood to have various important roles including that it is transcribed into different types of non-coding RNAs 25."
"The two polynucleotide chains, on the other hand, are joined by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds); they are established between the complementary heterocyclic base pairs: two H-bonds between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and three H-bonds between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 4."
"The two polynucleotide chains, on the other hand, are joined by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds); they are established between the complementary heterocyclic base pairs: two H-bonds between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and three H-bonds between guanine (G) and cytosine (C) 4."
"Gene editing technologies allow precise modifications in DNA; among these, CRISPR-Cas9 technology (and its evolutions, CRISPR-Cas12,13 and 14) stands out for its efficiency and versatility. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) uses an RNA guide to direct the Cas9 enzyme towards specific DNA sequences, allowing their modification or removal. Although the applications of gene editing are promising, they impose important ethical considerations 26-30."
"The discovery of DNA as a chemical substance dates back to 1869; It was Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist, who studied the basic chemistry of deoxyribunucleic acid, demonstrating how the chromosomes (of the nuclei of white blood cells) were essentially made up of this macromolecule, which he called "nuclein" 16,17."