"common radiopharmaceutical is 111In-pentetreotide, which is a ligand for the somatostatin receptor on the cell membrane of many NETs 4,5"
"18F-DOPA and 11C-hydroxytryptophan may be used in future but are not routinely available"
"18F-DOPA and 11C-hydroxytryptophan may be used in future but are not routinely available"
"other radiopharmaceuticals are also used, based on certain physiological characteristics e.g. cell surface receptors or uptake of molecules."
"hepatobiliary NET"
"hepatic NET"
"extrahepatic bile duct/gallbladder NET (rare 9)"
"pancreatic NET"
"gastric NET"
"duodenal/ampullary NET"
"small bowel NET"
"colorectal NET"
"appendiceal NET"
"endoscopic/endoluminal US can be used to identify and characterise GI NETs as well as obtaining samples for cytology and/or histology"
"endoscopic/endoluminal US can be used to identify and characterise GI NETs as well as obtaining samples for cytology and/or histology"
"bowel distension with fluid, either by oral intake (CT enterography) or via a nasojejunal tube (CT enteroclysis) improves detection of primary GI NETs"
"18F-DOPA and 11C-hydroxytryptophan may be used in future but are not routinely available"
"Assessing specific gastrointestinal NET imaging based on location"
"GI NETs commonly metastasise to the lymph nodes and liver, as well as bone, lung, and mesentery"
"Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) systems or the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) have TNM staging systems which differ slightly from each other"
"Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) systems or the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) have TNM staging systems which differ slightly from each other"
"Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) systems or the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) have TNM staging systems which differ slightly from each other"
"can be used in combination with cross-sectional imaging modalities to aid staging e.g. SPECT, PET-CT or PET-MRI 6"
"Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) systems or the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) have TNM staging systems which differ slightly from each other"
Expected headings
"Assessing specific gastrointestinal NET imaging based on location"
"Assessing primary malignancy"
"Assessing staging and metastases"
"There is no consensus on the best single imaging modality for NETs and it depends on the suspected location and local expertise. Combined modalities and techniques are often used 1-3:"
"used for suspected gastric, enteric and pancreatic NETs pre and post IV iodinated contrast, ideally including arterial and portal venous phases"
"Used for suspected hepatic, pancreatic or retroperitoneal NETs, often with gadolinium contrast agents. MRI enterography also possible."
"multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 can present with multiple lesions; functional NETs can be identified from these, using calcium stimulation with venous sampling"
"non-functioning NETs present late and tend to be larger and have mass-effect or non-specific symptoms or signs; these can be identified using CT"