"Symptoms and signs are similar to those of non-emphysematous cystitis, and maybe very non-specific, e.g. fever, abdominal ache and diarrhoea. More specific urinary symptoms, such as dysuria and haematuria may be present. A history of pneumaturia may be seen but is not common."
"Emphysematous cystitis may be caused by bacterial or fungal infection. The most common causative organism is E. coli, with other organisms including Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Clostridium perfringens and Candida albicans."
"The constituent gases responsible are mainly carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and methane 9."
"Gas within the bladder wall is virtually always due to emphysematous cystitis. Intraluminal gas within the bladder has a more broad differential. Be careful not to confuse intraluminal gas with fat density; the latter may be due to chyluria and can be identified using careful windowing."