Expected headings
"Development"
"Fracture healing can be by direct union (intramembranous ossification), or indirect union (primarily endochondral ossification, with some intramembranous ossification) 5,6. As direct healing requires anatomic reduction and stability (typically requiring open reduction and internal fixation to achieve), most bone healing is by indirect healing 5,6. Cartilage formation in the fracture gap helps to form a soft callus, increasing the stability at a fracture site 6. Chondrocyte apoptosis creates spaces for revascularisation, facilitating conversion of the soft callus to hard (bony) callus, and remodelling to complete healing 6,7."