"most common (80%); mostly seen in obese women between 55 to 65 years old"
"less common (20%); mostly seen in females between 65 to 75 years old"
"non-contrast CT: difficult to differentiate from the normal uterus (especially in local disease)"
"T1: hypo- to isointense to normal endometrium"
"T2: iso to hypointense relative to normal endometrium, often heterogeneous; mildly hyperintense to myometrium, which forms the basis for assessment of myometrial invasion"
"DWI: impeded diffusion, also aids to assess the depth of myometrial invasion ref"
"stage 1: tumour confined to the uterus"
"stage 2: tumour extends to the cervical stroma"
"stage 3: tumour extends beyond the uterus"
"stage 4: bladder/rectal invasion or distant metastases"
"uterine sarcoma(s)"
"increasing BMI / obesity 21,27"
"Historically, endometrial carcinomas were divided into two subtypes (Bokhman model) 26, however, this is conisdered unuseful for stratification with overlapping clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Molecular classification is recommended by various bodies including WHO, ESMO, and ESGO/ESTRO/ESP 28."
"Historically, endometrial carcinomas were divided into two subtypes (Bokhman model) 26, however, this is conisdered unuseful for stratification with overlapping clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Molecular classification is recommended by various bodies including WHO, ESMO, and ESGO/ESTRO/ESP 28."
"Historically, endometrial carcinomas were divided into two subtypes (Bokhman model) 26, however, this is conisdered unuseful for stratification with overlapping clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Molecular classification is recommended by various bodies including WHO, ESMO, and ESGO/ESTRO/ESP 28."
"Historically, endometrial carcinomas were divided into two subtypes (Bokhman model) 26, however, this is conisdered unuseful for stratification with overlapping clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Molecular classification is recommended by various bodies including WHO, ESMO, and ESGO/ESTRO/ESP 28."
"Staging of endometrial carcinoma is based on the FIGO staging system, which is a surgical and pathological staging following total abdominal hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, lymphadenectomy, and peritoneal washings. Such radical surgery may not be suitable for elderly patients or those with co-morbidities. MRI has a role in these patients in determining tumour extent and suitable therapy."
"FIGO stage"
"See the FIGO staging of endometrial cancer."
"mutations in the gene encoding polymerase epsilon (POLEmut): 7-9%;"
"Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery (mostly hysterectomy +/- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy), chemotherapy and radiotherapy depending stage of the disease and patient factors. Hormone therapies may be employed for extra-uterine disease."
"In early disease, the differential is essentially that of endometrial thickening:"
Expected headings
"Historical subtypes"
"Molecular classification"
"WHO classification"
"Staging"
"Associations"
"FIGO stage"
"Patients commonly present at an early stage, with postmenopausal bleeding as the initial symptom (present in 90% of patients) 17,27. In premenopausal patients, menorrhagia or intermenstrual bleeding are the most common presentation 27."
"most common (80%); mostly seen in obese women between 55 to 65 years old"
"less common (20%); mostly seen in females between 65 to 75 years old"
"deficiency of mismatch repair (dMMR) and high microsatillate instability (MSI-High): 15-25%; intermediate prognosis"
"mutations in the TP53 gene and abnormal p53 expression (p53abn): 15-20%; poor prognosis"
"no specific molecular profile (NSMP): 50-55%; absence of above abnormalities; intermediate prognosis"
"no specific molecular profile (NSMP): 50-55%; absence of above abnormalities; intermediate prognosis"
"T2: iso to hypointense relative to normal endometrium, often heterogeneous; mildly hyperintense to myometrium, which forms the basis for assessment of myometrial invasion"