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Lint: fetal-middle-cerebral-arterial-doppler-assessment

fetal-middle-cerebral-arterial-doppler-assessment
List Punctuation
error

"Obtain a true axial view of the fetal head including thalami and sphenoid wings."

Line 12:124 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Use colour or power Doppler to identify the MCA over the anterior sphenoid wing."

Line 13:100 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Sample close to the MCA origin at the carotid siphon; more peripheral sampling underestimates PSV."

Line 14:127 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Maintain an angle of insonation"

Line 15:127 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Use a 2‑mm sample gate."

Line 16:34 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Record during fetal quiescence (no breathing or movement), as accelerations can falsely elevate PSV late in gestation."

Line 17:133 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Take ≥3 waveforms and use the highest PSV."

Line 19:67 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:153 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Ratio of MCA PI / umbilical artery PI."

Line 34:51 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"The MCA normally demonstrates high‑resistance flow with low diastolic velocities."

Line 41:107 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"In hypoxaemia or placental insufficiency, the MCA becomes low‑resistance with increased diastolic flow, reflecting cerebral vasodilation."

Line 44:174 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"This correlates with fetal hypoxaemia and adverse outcomes in FGR."

Line 45:70 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"CPR >1.0 is normal; CPR"

Line 50:139 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"May occur transiently due to probe compression and is not necessarily pathological."

Line 52:99 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"MCA‑PSV > 1.5 MoM → high risk of moderate–severe anaemia."

Line 57:82 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"MCA‑PSV should replace ΔOD450; amniocentesis is no longer recommended for diagnosis."

Line 58:99 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"If MCA‑PSV is elevated or the fetus is hydropic → fetal blood sampling and readiness for intrauterine transfusion (IUT)."

Line 59:130 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"MCA‑PSV can guide timing of the second IUT, but is less reliable for the third transfusion."

Line 60:121 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"MCA PI and CPR are strong predictors of adverse perinatal outcomes, including NICU admission and intrapartum compromise."

Line 64:134 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"CPR is now widely incorporated into term FGR surveillance."

Line 65:70 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"MCA‑PSV is essential in diagnosing TAPS, where discordant MCA‑PSV values identify anaemic vs polycythaemic twins."

Line 69:132 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Post‑laser TTTS surveillance includes MCA‑PSV to detect delayed anaemia."

Line 70:72 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"MCA‑PSV can be reliably measured from 16–18 weeks."

Line 74:60 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"After 35 weeks, false‑positive rates for anaemia increase; however, normal values remain reassuring."

Line 75:122 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"Updated gestational age‑specific centile charts (2025)17 are available for improved accuracy."

Line 76:120 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.
Number Comparisons
error

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:83 · There should never be a space after less and greater than signs.

"MCA‑PSV > 1.5 MoM → high risk of moderate–severe anaemia."

Line 57:16 · There should never be a space after less and greater than signs.
En Dash
error

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:127 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

"The Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM)15 recommends MCA‑PSV as the primary technique for detecting fetal anaemia. Key points:"

Line 55:39 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

"MCA‑PSV > 1.5 MoM → high risk of moderate–severe anaemia."

Line 57:74 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

"MCA‑PSV can be reliably measured from 16–18 weeks."

Line 74:56 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').
Prefix Hyphens
warning

"intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) otherwise known as Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)"

Line 3:11 · A prefix takes a hyphen only to avoid a duplicate letter: 'intra-uterine'.
List Caps
warning

"Obtain a true axial view of the fetal head including thalami and sphenoid wings."

Line 12:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Use colour or power Doppler to identify the MCA over the anterior sphenoid wing."

Line 13:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Sample close to the MCA origin at the carotid siphon; more peripheral sampling underestimates PSV."

Line 14:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Maintain an angle of insonation"

Line 15:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Use a 2‑mm sample gate."

Line 16:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Record during fetal quiescence (no breathing or movement), as accelerations can falsely elevate PSV late in gestation."

Line 17:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Take ≥3 waveforms and use the highest PSV."

Line 19:4 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:12 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Ratio of MCA PI / umbilical artery PI."

Line 34:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Widely used in FGR to assess redistribution"

Line 35:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"The MCA normally demonstrates high‑resistance flow with low diastolic velocities."

Line 41:12 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"This correlates with fetal hypoxaemia and adverse outcomes in FGR."

Line 45:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Reversal back to high resistance despite ongoing pathology (e.g., severe cerebral oedema) is a poor prognostic sign.2,3"

Line 48:20 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"May occur transiently due to probe compression and is not necessarily pathological."

Line 52:12 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Post‑laser TTTS surveillance includes MCA‑PSV to detect delayed anaemia."

Line 70:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"After 35 weeks, false‑positive rates for anaemia increase; however, normal values remain reassuring."

Line 75:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Updated gestational age‑specific centile charts (2025)17 are available for improved accuracy."

Line 76:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.
Strong
warning

"Obtain a true axial view of the fetal head including thalami and sphenoid wings."

Line 12:17 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>true axial</strong>'

"Obtain a true axial view of the fetal head including thalami and sphenoid wings."

Line 12:78 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>thalami</strong>'

"Obtain a true axial view of the fetal head including thalami and sphenoid wings."

Line 12:107 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>sphenoid wings</strong>'

"Use colour or power Doppler to identify the MCA over the anterior sphenoid wing."

Line 13:12 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>colour or power Doppler</strong>'

"Sample close to the MCA origin at the carotid siphon; more peripheral sampling underestimates PSV."

Line 14:15 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>close to the MCA origin</strong>'

"Sample close to the MCA origin at the carotid siphon; more peripheral sampling underestimates PSV."

Line 14:104 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>underestimates PSV</strong>'

"Maintain an angle of insonation"

Line 15:20 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>angle of insonation <15°</strong>'

"Maintain an angle of insonation"

Line 15:71 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>0°</strong>'

"Use a 2‑mm sample gate."

Line 16:14 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>2‑mm sample gate</strong>'

"Record during fetal quiescence (no breathing or movement), as accelerations can falsely elevate PSV late in gestation."

Line 17:15 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>during fetal quiescence</strong>'

"Take ≥3 waveforms and use the highest PSV."

Line 19:9 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>≥3 waveforms</strong>'

"Take ≥3 waveforms and use the highest PSV."

Line 19:51 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>highest PSV</strong>'

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:21 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia</strong>'

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:85 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>1.5 MoM</strong>'

"Ratio of MCA PI / umbilical artery PI."

Line 34:17 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>MCA PI / umbilical artery PI</strong>'

"Normal physiology"

Line 40:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Normal physiology</strong>'

"The MCA normally demonstrates high‑resistance flow with low diastolic velocities."

Line 41:42 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>high‑resistance flow</strong>'

"The MCA normally demonstrates high‑resistance flow with low diastolic velocities."

Line 41:85 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>low diastolic velocities</strong>'

"Brain‑sparing / redistribution"

Line 42:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Brain‑sparing / redistribution</strong>'

"In hypoxaemia or placental insufficiency, the MCA becomes low‑resistance with increased diastolic flow, reflecting cerebral vasodilation."

Line 44:66 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>low‑resistance</strong>'

"In hypoxaemia or placental insufficiency, the MCA becomes low‑resistance with increased diastolic flow, reflecting cerebral vasodilation."

Line 44:103 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>increased diastolic flow</strong>'

"In hypoxaemia or placental insufficiency, the MCA becomes low‑resistance with increased diastolic flow, reflecting cerebral vasodilation."

Line 44:157 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>cerebral vasodilation</strong>'

"Severe pathology"

Line 47:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Severe pathology</strong>'

"Reversal back to high resistance despite ongoing pathology (e.g., severe cerebral oedema) is a poor prognostic sign.2,3"

Line 48:124 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>poor prognostic sign</strong>'

"Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR)"

Line 49:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR)</strong>'

"CPR >1.0 is normal; CPR"

Line 50:49 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>CPR <1.0</strong>'

"End‑diastolic flow reversal"

Line 51:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>End‑diastolic flow reversal</strong>'

"May occur transiently due to probe compression and is not necessarily pathological."

Line 52:41 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>probe compression</strong>'

"1. Fetal anaemia"

Line 54:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>1. Fetal anaemia</strong>'

"The Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM)15 recommends MCA‑PSV as the primary technique for detecting fetal anaemia. Key points:"

Line 55:11 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM)</strong>'

"The Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM)15 recommends MCA‑PSV as the primary technique for detecting fetal anaemia. Key points:"

Line 55:114 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>primary technique</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV > 1.5 MoM → high risk of moderate–severe anaemia."

Line 57:18 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>1.5 MoM</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV > 1.5 MoM → high risk of moderate–severe anaemia."

Line 57:58 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>moderate–severe anaemia</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV should replace ΔOD450; amniocentesis is no longer recommended for diagnosis."

Line 58:23 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>replace ΔOD450</strong>'

"If MCA‑PSV is elevated or the fetus is hydropic → fetal blood sampling and readiness for intrauterine transfusion (IUT)."

Line 59:58 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>fetal blood sampling and readiness for intrauterine transfusion (IUT)</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV can guide timing of the second IUT, but is less reliable for the third transfusion."

Line 60:26 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>timing of the second IUT</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV can guide timing of the second IUT, but is less reliable for the third transfusion."

Line 60:76 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>less reliable</strong>'

"2. Growth restriction (FGR)"

Line 62:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>2. Growth restriction (FGR)</strong>'

"MCA PI and CPR are strong predictors of adverse perinatal outcomes, including NICU admission and intrapartum compromise."

Line 64:48 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>adverse perinatal outcomes</strong>'

"CPR is now widely incorporated into term FGR surveillance."

Line 65:44 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>term FGR</strong>'

"3. TTTS and TAPS"

Line 67:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>3. TTTS and TAPS</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV is essential in diagnosing TAPS, where discordant MCA‑PSV values identify anaemic vs polycythaemic twins."

Line 69:43 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>TAPS</strong>'

"Gestational age considerations"

Line 72:4 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>Gestational age considerations</strong>'

"MCA‑PSV can be reliably measured from 16–18 weeks."

Line 74:46 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>16–18 weeks</strong>'

"After 35 weeks, false‑positive rates for anaemia increase; however, normal values remain reassuring."

Line 75:14 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>35 weeks</strong>'

"After 35 weeks, false‑positive rates for anaemia increase; however, normal values remain reassuring."

Line 75:93 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>normal values remain reassuring</strong>'

"Updated gestational age‑specific centile charts (2025)17 are available for improved accuracy."

Line 76:16 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>gestational age‑specific centile charts</strong>'
Acronyms
warning

"Sample close to the MCA origin at the carotid siphon; more peripheral sampling underestimates PSV."

Line 14:127 · 'PSV' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"CPR >1.0 is normal; CPR"

Line 50:134 · 'NICU' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"The Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM)15 recommends MCA‑PSV as the primary technique for detecting fetal anaemia. Key points:"

Line 55:56 · 'SMFM' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"MCA PI and CPR are strong predictors of adverse perinatal outcomes, including NICU admission and intrapartum compromise."

Line 64:103 · 'NICU' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.
Headings Case
warning

"Clinical Applications"

Line 53:5 · 'Clinical Applications' should use sentence-style capitalization.
Headings Valid
warning

Expected headings

  • H1 Terminology
  • H1 Usage
  • H1 Epidemiology
  • H2 Risk factors
  • H2 Associations
  • H1 Clinical presentation
  • H2 Complications
  • H1 Diagnosis
  • H2 Diagnostic criteria
  • H2 Diagnostic clues
  • H1 Pathology
  • H2 Aetiology
  • H2 Location
  • H2 Classification
  • H2 Macroscopic appearance
  • H2 Microscopic appearance
  • H2 Immunophenotype
  • H2 Markers
  • H2 Genetics
  • H1 Radiographic features
  • H2 Plain radiograph
  • H2 Mammography
  • H2 Antenatal ultrasound
  • H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
  • H2 Ultrasound
  • H2 CT
  • H3 Dual-energy CT
  • H2 Angiography (DSA)
  • H2 MRI
  • H2 CT/MRI
  • H2 Nuclear medicine
  • H3 PET-CT
  • H3 PET-MRI
  • H1 Radiology report
  • H1 Treatment and prognosis
  • H2 Complications
  • H1 History and etymology
  • H1 Differential diagnosis
  • H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
  • H1 Practical points
  • H1 See also

"Doppler ultrasound technique"

Line 9:1 · "Doppler ultrasound technique" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Interpretation"

Line 39:1 · "Interpretation" is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"Clinical Applications"

Line 53:1 · "Clinical Applications" is not a recognised heading for this article type.
Semicolons
suggestion

"Sample close to the MCA origin at the carotid siphon; more peripheral sampling underestimates PSV."

Line 14:77 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"Used for non‑invasive detection of fetal anaemia; PSV > 1.5 MoM predicts moderate–severe anaemia with high accuracy."

Line 28:77 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"CPR >1.0 is normal; CPR"

Line 50:47 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"MCA‑PSV should replace ΔOD450; amniocentesis is no longer recommended for diagnosis."

Line 58:54 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"After 35 weeks, false‑positive rates for anaemia increase; however, normal values remain reassuring."

Line 75:82 · Use semicolons judiciously.
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