"Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative spiral flagellate microaerophilic bacterium found in the human gastric mucosa 1. It is classified as a group I carcinogen and is considered necessary but insufficient alone to cause gastric adenocarcinoma. More often than not, it results in chronic gastritis and colonises its host for decades."
"In 2015, up to 4.4 billion individuals were found to be colonised by H. pylori worldwide 2. The African continent has the highest prevalence (79%) and the lowest in North America (37%) and Oceania (25%) 2. In highly developed and industrialised countries, there has been a trend of declining prevalence largely due to early detection and prompt treatment."
"H. pylori related gastritis increases the risk of distal gastric cancer by 8-9 times. Up to 80% of gastric cancers in developed countries are related to H. pylori 3."
"serum IgG and IgA (H. pylori)"
"It is postulated to have migrated out of East Africa in the human host circa 60,000 years ago. Before its formal discovery in 1982, German scientists observed spiral bacteria in the gastric lining in 1875 but were unable to culture them 6. In 1982, it was initially classified as Campylobacter pylori by Australians Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, before it was subsequently reclassified under a new genus and was renamed Helicobacter pylori in 1989 1."
"Heterogenous disease spectrum which is a complex interplay between the bacteria, and the host determines the clinical presentation. Though previously thought that intestinal metaplasia (type 1-3) secondary to chronic active gastritis and atrophic gastritis was the main cause of dysplasia and cancer formation, this has been disproven in previous studies."
"PPI-based triple therapy: esomeprazole/omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin (first-line, recommended for 7 days)"
Expected headings
"Associations"
"gastroscopy with biopsy (rapid urease test, culture and histology)"
"quadruple therapy: omeprazole, bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline (first-line in regions with known clarithromycin resistance, recommended for 7-14 days)"
"There are many recommended eradication regimens, including 5:"
"History and etymology"