"cystic echinococcosis is more common and has a worldwide geographical distribution. Highly endemic areas for cystic echinococcosis include western China, Central Asia, South America, Mediterranean countries, and East Africa6,12"
"alveolar echinococcosis is less common than cystic echinococcosis and is predominantly endemic in the northern hemisphere, particularly in North America, west-central Europe, the Near East, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan, and China12"
"type I: simple cyst with no internal architecture"
"type II: cyst with daughter cyst(s) and matrix"
"type IIa: round daughter cysts at the periphery"
"type IIb: larger, irregularly shaped daughter cysts occupying almost the entire volume of the mother cyst"
"type IIc: oval masses with scattered calcifications and occasional daughter cysts"
"type III: calcified cyst (dead cyst)"
"type IV: complicated cyst, e.g. ruptured cyst"
"type II: cyst with daughter cyst(s) and matrix"
"stage 4: pseudo-tumour lesion"
"Hydatid cyst, also known as echinococcosis, results from infection by the Echinococcus tapeworm species. It primarily includes two significant zoonotic diseases caused by tapeworms: cystic echinococcosis, resulting from Echinococcus granulosus, and alveolar echinococcosis, resulting from Echinococcus alveolaris/multilocularis 1,2."
"Echinococcosis is caused by the larvae of tapeworms (cestodes) of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae)."
"The primary host is the dog or wolf for Echinococcus granulosus and the fox for Echinococcus alveolaris/multilocularis."
"Echinococcosis in humans is primarily caused by the accidental ingestion of Echinococcus eggs derived from the faeces of a primary host. Humans act as incidental hosts 3, and farm workers are at risk because dogs may eat sheep offal and pass the parasite to humans."
"Antarctica is exempt because it lacks definitive and intermediate hosts"
"Casoni skin test"
"Typically an imaging diagnosis which is confirmed by serologic tests (ELISA, indirect haemagglutination, immunoblot), with sensitivity and specificity varying by organ involved and cyst stage. Serology is most sensitive for hepatic disease and less so for pulmonary or calcified cysts. False positives may occur due to cross-reactivity with other helminthic infections 14."
"PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection of protoscolicidal agent and reaspiration)"
"Treatment outcomes were improved when surgery or PAIR was combined with benzimidazole given before and after surgery 7. Regarding medical management, higher scolicidal and anti-cystic activity was seen in combination therapy with albendazole plus praziquantel and was more likely to result in cure or improvement 7."
Expected headings
"Cyst structure"
"Cyst classification"
"alveolar echinococcosis is less common than cystic echinococcosis and is predominantly endemic in the northern hemisphere, particularly in North America, west-central Europe, the Near East, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan, and China12"
"elimination or near-elimination has been achieved in Iceland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Cyprus and some Argentinian provinces 15"
"Avascular tissue such as the cornea, hair and nails are possibly the only tissues that are exempt."
"There are case reports of disease rarely affecting sites such as the mediastinum, subcutaneous layer, pancreas, eye, salivary glands and thyroid 9,15."