"symptoms related to fragment embolisation, e.g. chest pain, palpitations, arrhythmias, which may occur if the fragment lodges in the right atrium or ventricle 1,3"
"mechanical stress/trauma: Repetitive external compression (e.g., from seatbelts, clothing straps) or excessive patient movement (especially involving the neck and shoulder girdle) can fatigue the catheter material 3"
"May show discontinuity of the catheter line and the fractured, free-floating distal segment is often visualised. Common locations for the embolised fragment include the superior vena cava (SVC), right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), or pulmonary arteries (PA). Often, the fragment remains anchored near the SVC-RA junction by a fibrin sheath, preventing immediate migration."
Expected headings
"Plain radiographs"
"Fluoroscopy"
"Portogram"
"Spontaneous implantable port catheter fracture is an uncommon but important complication; fracture and potential embolisation of the distal catheter fragment carry risks, including cardiac arrhythmias and pulmonary embolism 1,8."
"endovascular retrieval: preferred method; using percutaneous femoral preferred, various retrieval devices (e.g., snares, baskets) are employed under fluoroscopic guidance to capture and remove the fragment"
"May show discontinuity of the catheter line and the fractured, free-floating distal segment is often visualised. Common locations for the embolised fragment include the superior vena cava (SVC), right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), or pulmonary arteries (PA). Often, the fragment remains anchored near the SVC-RA junction by a fibrin sheath, preventing immediate migration."
"failure to opacify the expected central vein (e.g. SVC)"