Expected headings
"CT/MRI"
"The convergence of the fibres of nine facial muscles at the oral commissure in combination with fascial components forms a small firm mobile fibromuscular mass on each side of the mouth called the modiolus. The modiolus approximates to a truncated conical shape up to 1 cm in depth, which reaches up to 2 cm superior, lateral and inferior to the oral commissures. Its rounded base abuts and is inseparable from the buccal mucosa and its superficial aspect is closely adherent to the dermis ~1 cm lateral to the point at which the upper and lower lips join (commissure), close to the second upper premolar tooth 1,3-5,8."
"The facial muscles forming the modiolus are zygomaticus major, orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, platysma and risorius muscles. The fascial components encompass the superficial musculoaponeurotic system, junction between superficial and deep facial fascias, deep facial fascia and parotid fascia 1,3-5."
"The facial muscles forming the modiolus are zygomaticus major, orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, platysma and risorius muscles. The fascial components encompass the superficial musculoaponeurotic system, junction between superficial and deep facial fascias, deep facial fascia and parotid fascia 1,3-5."
"The modiolus acts as a common insertion point for multiple facial muscles so that the simultaneous action of these muscles and their effects on the cheeks, chin, lips, commissures, vestibule of the mouth and both jaws may be consolidated. This results in finely controlled actions so that phonation, shouting, sobbing, deglutition, drinking, mastication, etc., may all be coordinated in their execution 3,5,7."