"Common clinical features include mastalgia, lump formation in the subareolar region, and nipple discharge. In chronic cases, fistula formation and nipple deformity may be seen. Some risk factors in nonlactating women include nipple piercing, smoking and diabetes 1."
"Ultrasound is used most often for detecting abscess. As in other abscesses a fluid collection with irregular walls, contents and hypervascular walls may be seen. Ultrasound can demonstrate a fistulous track formation and may help in guiding abscess drainage. In cases with isolated fistula formation especially with fistulas located in the nipple, sonography failed to reveal any lesions. Also ultrasound probe pressure could be difficult for the patient to tolerate."
"In addition to antibiotics, surgical therapy may be required, such as excision of the lactiferous ducts, affected ampulla and distal diseased ducts and fistula. Reconstruction of the nipple and areola may be needed. There is often prolonged morbidity and subareolar abscess has a tendency to recur."