"Mature teratomas contain well-differentiated tissues and should be biologically indolent. In pre-pubertal cases, this is borne out, whereas in post-pubertal males it is believed that mature teratomas represent fully differentiated teratocarcinomas with a precursor of embryonal carcinoma 3. As such, in post-pubertal males, even mature teratomas should be regarded as potentially aggressive. In fact, if the seminiferous tubules of the adjacent seemingly uninvolved testis are examined, cellular atypia and carcinoma in situ are often identified 3."
"Mature teratomas contain well-differentiated tissues and should be biologically indolent. In pre-pubertal cases, this is borne out, whereas in post-pubertal males it is believed that mature teratomas represent fully differentiated teratocarcinomas with a precursor of embryonal carcinoma 3. As such, in post-pubertal males, even mature teratomas should be regarded as potentially aggressive. In fact, if the seminiferous tubules of the adjacent seemingly uninvolved testis are examined, cellular atypia and carcinoma in situ are often identified 3."
"Mature teratomas contain well-differentiated tissues and should be biologically indolent. In pre-pubertal cases, this is borne out, whereas in post-pubertal males it is believed that mature teratomas represent fully differentiated teratocarcinomas with a precursor of embryonal carcinoma 3. As such, in post-pubertal males, even mature teratomas should be regarded as potentially aggressive. In fact, if the seminiferous tubules of the adjacent seemingly uninvolved testis are examined, cellular atypia and carcinoma in situ are often identified 3."
"It is interesting to note that in addition to biological behaviour, the chromosomal makeup of these tumours also depends on the age of the patients. Tumours in pre-pubertal patients are typically diploid, whereas in adults they tend to be hypotriploid 2."
"Testicular lymphatics ascends along the gonadal arteries such that right-sided tumours involve pericaval nodes (aortocaval nodes, precaval nodes, and right paracaval and retrocaval nodes) whereas left-sided tumours typically ascend to pre-aortic and left para-aortic nodes 1."
"Immature teratomas are more common in the testes, although they are rare as pure tumours, usually associated with other non-seminomatous cell types (e.g. embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumour) as part of a testicular mixed germ cell tumour 1-2."
"Mature teratomas contain well-differentiated tissues and should be biologically indolent. In pre-pubertal cases, this is borne out, whereas in post-pubertal males it is believed that mature teratomas represent fully differentiated teratocarcinomas with a precursor of embryonal carcinoma 3. As such, in post-pubertal males, even mature teratomas should be regarded as potentially aggressive. In fact, if the seminiferous tubules of the adjacent seemingly uninvolved testis are examined, cellular atypia and carcinoma in situ are often identified 3."
"This is the modality of choice for direct imaging of the testes with teratomas in the testes being similar in appearance to other locations. Mature teratomas tend to be cystic with heterogeneous echoes in the fluid representing a mixture of mucinous or sebaceous material with or without hair follicles. Solid components are present of variable echogenicity, including hyper-echoic and shadowing fatty components."
Expected headings
"Staging"
"Complications"
"In both cases, they contain cell populations derived from all three embryonal layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) although the proportion of each need not be even remotely equal."
"Haematogenous spread is typically to the lungs, as well as brain, bone and liver 1."
"testicular infarction (e.g. secondary to testicular torsion)"