"pre-procedure ultrasound to confirm presence of drainable pleural effusion"
"investigation of cause of pleural fluid collection, e.g. malignancy, infection, etc"
"monitoring (BP, pulse rate, SpO2)"
Expected headings
"Preprocedural evaluation"
"Positioning/room set up"
"coagulopathy/thrombocytopenia, anticoagulation or other bleeding disorders"
"sterile pack including wash, gown and gloves, drape, ultrasound cover and sterile gel"
"long hypodermic needle, syringe and lignocaine"
"intercostal nerve, artery or vein damage"
"under ultrasound guidance, introduction of thoracentesis needle along the superior margin of the rib, aspirating while advancing until pleural fluid is aspirated; catheter is then slid off needle"
"requirement for post-thoracentesis chest x-ray to assess for pneumothorax is debated; literature has demonstrated there is a very low risk of pneumothorax in asymptomatic patients 1"
"pleural infection or empyema (rare; "