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Detail
Errors

42 rules

Warnings

27 rules

Suggestions

10 rules

errors
A M P M
error

Whenever we use AM or PM, it should be preceded by a space, e.g. 4 PM.

Message

Use 'AM' or 'PM' (preceded by a space).

Adjectival Hyphens
error

Adjectival hyphens are only required when the adjective ends with the same letter as the definition, e.g. trans-sphenoidal c.f. transependymal.

Exceptions

pseudo-severe
pre-radiographic
non-radiographic
(pre|post)-contrast
(pre|post)-op
(pre|post)-operative

Message

Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: '%s'.

Approximation Spacing
error

An approximation symbol is not followed by a space, e.g. ~15.

Message

No space after an approximation symbol: '%s'.

Between And
error

Never use the range description `between 3 to 5`, we should always use `between x and y`. This style matches any words or numbers in this form.

Message

'%s' should use between ... and ...

Biographical Date Format
error

In a biographical citation, the date should be correctly formatted. We allow (yyyy-yyyy), (yyyy-), (fl. yyyy)

Message

In a biographical citation, the date be correctly formatted: '%s'

Biographical Date Position
error

In a biographical citation, the date should never be bold.

Message

In a biographical citation, the date should never be bold: '%s'

Biographical Date Spacing
error

In a biographical citation, the date should be correctly spaced with the spacing being outside the bold tags.

Message

In a biographical citation, the date should be correctly spaced: '%s'

Biographical Name
error

In a biographical citation, the name should be formatted correctly, e.g. not have spaces between initials.

Message

In a biographical citation, the name should be formatted correctly: '%s'

Cele Suffix
error

The suffix is '-cele', never '-coele'. An existence rule rather than a substitution because the suffix sits inside words and Vale word-boundary wraps substitution patterns.

Message

The suffix is '-cele', not '-coele': '%s'.

Citation Order
error

Ensure that citations are ordered correctly.

Message

Citations must appear in numeric order.

Citation Preceding Space
error

Ensure that there is a space before a citation definition.

Message

Citations must have a preceding space, e.g. needs evidence <sup>2</sup>. '%s'

Citation Punctuation Space
error

Ensure that there is never a space between a citation and following punctuation.

Message

Citations should not have spaces between themselves and punctuation. '%s'

Citation Punctuation Sup
error

Ensure that punctuation is never superscripted

Message

Punctuation after citations should never be superscripted. '%s'

Citation Syntax
error

Ensure that syntax is correct. Citations should have ranges over 2 specified as a dash - everything else should be separated by a comma.

Message

Citations are separated by commas, except when the range is over 2.

Colon Spacing
error

A colon takes no space before it. The matching 'single space after' instruction is deliberately not enforced: medical ratios such as albumin:globulin and grey:white are written without a space and are indistinguishable from a missing space by pattern.

Message

A colon takes no space before it: '%s'.

Contractions
error

We should always use full words over contractions, e.g. "do not" rather than "don't".

Message

Never use contractions: use '%s' in place of '%s'.

Date Format
error

Dates are written day-month-year with no ordinals and no commas, e.g. 1 January 2020.

Message

Use '1 January 2020' format, not '%s'.

Em Dash
error

Do not use em-dashes. We use a hyphen with a space on either side instead.

Message

Don't use em-dashes, replace them with spaces either side of a hyphen-minus

En Dash
error

Do not use en-dashes. We use a hyphen (minus-hyphen) instead.

Message

Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

Exclamation
error

Never use exclamation points in text.

Message

Don't use exclamation points in text.

Fetus Spelling
error

Radiopaedia never uses the 'foetus' spelling. Fetus, fetal, feticide and fetor are the correct forms.

Message

Use the 'fetus' spelling: '%s' rather than '%s'.

Heading Citation
error

Citations should not appear in headings. Move them to the body text.

Message

Do not put citations in headings.

Heading Punctuation
error

Never put punctuation at the end of headings.

Message

Do not put punctuation at the end of a heading.

Headings Spacing
error

Headings should never have spaces on either end.

Message

Never put spaces at either end of headings.

Hybrid Imaging Slash
error

Combinations of imaging modalities are joined with a hyphen, not a slash, to show they are true combinations rather than alternatives.

Message

Hybrid imaging takes a hyphen, not a slash: '%s'.

Isotope Notation
error

Radiopaedia writes isotopes as element-mass or symbol-mass, e.g. fluorine-18 or F-18, never 18F. The isotopes are listed explicitly rather than matched by pattern, because a mass number followed by an element symbol is indistinguishable from a French catheter gauge such as 12F.

Message

Write the isotope as symbol-mass, e.g. F-18, not '%s'.

Link Placement
error

Links are created on normal text only: never inside a heading, never bold, and never adjacent to another link. Italicised links are not checked, since binomial organism names are legitimately both.

Message

Links belong on normal text, one per phrase: '%s'.

List Punctuation
error

List items should not have full-stops at the end.

Exceptions

etc
spp
e.g
i.e

Message

Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

Medical Misspellings
error

Words the style guide lists as commonly misspelt. These are not British variants; the guide states they are simply incorrect.

Message

This is a misspelling: use '%s' rather than '%s'.

Number Comparisons
error

Use correct spacing around < and > signs.

Message

There should never be a space after less and greater than signs.

Number Spacing
error

Ensure the correct spacing around hyphens used to denote number ranges. There should be no spaces.

Message

In a number range, there should not be spaces around the hyphen ('%s').

Optional Plurals
error

Ensure that optional pleurals are not denoted using (s).

Message

Do not use plurals in parentheses such as in '%s'.

Periods
error

Periods should be use to end sentences, not after acronyms or initials, e.g. Dr.

Message

Don't use periods with acronyms or initialisms such as '%s'.

Quotes
error

Commas and periods go outside quotation marks (in nearly all circumstances).

Message

Commas and periods go outside quotation marks (in nearly all circumstances).

So
error

Don't start a sentence with So.

Message

Don't start a sentence with '%s'.

Spacing
error

Ensures that there are no double spaces and there is correct spacing around punctuation.

Message

'%s' should have one space.

Spinal Level Spacing
error

When we are describing spinal levels, we should not have spaces around the hyphen, e.g. T4-5 not T4 - 5.

Message

'%s' should not have spaces around the hyphen for spinal levels.

Strong List Colon Position
error

When enboldening an intro, the colon should not be bold.

Message

When enboldening an intro, the colon should not be bold. '%s'

Sulfur Spelling
error

Radiopaedia uses the IUPAC spelling 'sulfur' for the chemical element and all its derived forms, never 'sulphur'.

Message

Use the 'f' spelling: '%s' rather than '%s'.

Uncomparables
error

There are a lot of words that should not be used to compared thing... this checks for them.

Message

'%s' is not comparable

Units
error

There should always be a space between a number and its unit, e.g. 1 cm not 1cm.

Exceptions

Tc-99m
99m-methyl
technetium-99m
H3K27m.*
[2-9]0s

Message

Put a space between the number and the unit in '%s'.

Words We Never Use
error

Site-wide spelling decisions from the 'words we never use' article. The other entries in that list have their own rules.

Message

Radiopaedia always uses '%s' rather than '%s'.

warnings
Accepted Abbreviations
warning

Abbreviation forms the style guide fixes. The rest of that article is already covered by Latin.yml.

Message

Check the abbreviation form against the style guide: '%s'.

Acronyms
warning

When using acronyms, we need to ensure that either they are very common (e.g. CT or MRI), or have been spelled out for the audience earlier in the article. This may be with the acronym as the main word, or in brackets, e.g. PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome) or Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The rule is pretty clever at working out compound words (e.g. encephalomyeltitis is the E and M in ADEM), but it isn't flawless (yet).

Message

'%s' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

Ampersand
warning

Radiopaedia favours the word 'and' over the ampersand, with a few exceptions the style guide names: commercial names, H&E staining, head & neck imaging, and references reproduced verbatim.

Exceptions

H&E
[A-Z]\w+ & [A-Z]\w+
[Hh]ead & [Nn]eck

Message

Radiopaedia favours the word 'and' rather than '&'.

Colons
warning

Check all colons and ensure that the next word does not start with a capital letter. There are exceptions including NB, roman numerals, valid acronyms and Proper nouns (e.g. a disease like Down syndrome) etc.

Exceptions

NB\. ?.*
M*(C[MD]|D?C{0,3})(X[CL]|L?X{0,3})(I[XV]|V?I{0,3})[MDCLXVI]{1,}\b.*
\b[A-Z]\w* (syndrome|complex|disease|sign|classification)
\b([A-Z\-]{3,})\b
CT

Message

The first word after a colon should almost always be lowercase. In this case, it's not: '%s'.

Disc Spelling
warning

Radiopaedia favours the spelling 'disc' and its orthographic derivatives. Non-anatomical uses, such as computer disks, are left to the author.

Message

Radiopaedia favours the 'disc' spelling: '%s' rather than '%s'.

E G List And
warning

An e.g. list gives selected examples rather than an exhaustive one, so it does not end with a conjunction. This is the one place the site departs from its own Oxford comma rule, which is why OxfordComma carries a matching exception.

Message

An e.g. list gives selected examples, so it should not end with 'and' or 'or': '%s'.

Ellipses
warning

Never use ellipsis...

Message

Don't use an ellipsis... in written text.

Emphasis
warning

Italics are only used in very specific places and should avoid outside those situations. They are used to describe Organisms, but not species and also to describe genes, but not the proteins they create. Organisms are added to a list of exceptions. Genes are assumed when the emphasied content is followed by the word gene

Exceptions

[Ee](scherichia|\.) coli
[Pp]neumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
[Ss]almonella
PTPN11
SOS1
KRAS
RAF1
NRAS
SHOC2

Message

Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: '%s'

Eponym Apostrophe
warning

Radiopaedia prefers the non-possessive form of eponyms, e.g. Down syndrome rather than Down's syndrome. The trailing noun list is taken from the guide's own 'when not to use' categories, which also excludes the anatomical structures and fixed phrases it carves out.

Message

Radiopaedia prefers the non-possessive eponym: '%s'.

Greater Less Than Equal To
warning

Use the combined greater than and less than equal to signs.

Message

Use the combined greater than and less than equal to signs: use '%s' instead of '%s'.

Grey Spelling
warning

Radiopaedia uses 'grey' site-wide and does not vary it by user preference. The SI unit of absorbed dose is spelt 'gray' after the physicist Louis Gray, so the unit, its multiples and the surname are excluded by the pattern itself rather than by exceptions, which do not match reliably past the matched word.

Message

Radiopaedia uses the 'grey' spelling: '%s' rather than '%s'.

Headings Case
warning

Heading capitalisation should be in sentence-style. The exception is allowed acronyms and acronyms in brackets.

Exceptions

CT
[A-Z]{3,}

Message

'%s' should use sentence-style capitalization.

Heterogeneous Spelling
warning

Heterogenous and homogenous are real words meaning 'of foreign origin', but the guide advises always using the form with the extra 'e', which is right roughly 99% of the time. A warning rather than an error, since the other form is occasionally correct.

Message

Radiopaedia advises the '-eous' form: '%s' rather than '%s'.

Illusions
warning

Looks for repetition.

Message

'%s' is repeated!

Latin
warning

The correct usage of latin terms should be adhered to.

Message

Use appropriate Latin forms: '%s' rather than '%s'.

List Caps
warning

List items should not start with a capital letter. There are some exceptions including acronyms, white-listed capitalisation and spinal level notation.

Exceptions

[A-Z]\w*\S* (?i:medal|prize)
[A-Z]\w*(?:[\S])* (syndrome|complex|disease|sign|classification)
[CTDLS][1-9]{1,2}([-,][1-9]{1,2})?
M*(C[MD]|D?C{0,3})(X[CL]|L?X{0,3})(I[XV]|V?I{0,3})[MDCLXVI]{1,}(?:[a-z])?
[A-Z]\w* (gene|mutation)
Marfan
Roentgen
Nobel
Sprengel
Takayasu
Hashimoto
Kommerell
Wilms?
Philadelphia
MIBG
Tc-99m
FDG.*
N-Myc.*
TRK-A.*
Graves
TSH
HLA\-B27.*
IgG4.*
^A(?:[A-Z]|ß|β)\w*

Message

In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Litotes
warning

Looks for common negated words that mean other things, e.g. no minor instead of major.

Message

Consider using '%s' instead of '%s'

Number Formatting
warning

A decimal takes a leading zero, and fractions are written with a slash rather than a glyph.

Message

Check the number format against the style guide: '%s'.

Numbers Over10000
warning

Using a comma to separate thousands in large numbers over 10,000 is helpful for readability.

Message

Use a thousands separators for large numbers.

Organism Notation
warning

Binomial names take an italicised capitalised genus and an italicised lowercase species. The abbreviations sp. and spp. are never italicised.

Message

Check the binomial: species is lowercase and sp./spp. is not italicised: '%s'.

Pending
warning

Sections left as 'content pending' are placeholders and should be completed.

Message

Complete the content for content pending sections

Personal Names
warning

A person's title and initials carry no full stops, and initials are spaced, e.g. Dr R F Player.

Message

Titles and initials take no full stops: '%s'.

Prefix Hyphens
warning

A prefix takes a hyphen only when it would otherwise duplicate a vowel, e.g. extra-axial but extramedullary. Applies the same principle as AdjectivalHyphens to the prefixes that recur in radiology. non- and anti- are excluded, since conventional usage hyphenates both.

Message

A prefix takes a hyphen only to avoid a duplicate letter: '%s'.

Ranges
warning

Don't add words such as 'from' or 'between' to describe a range of numbers.

Message

Don't add words such as 'from' or 'between' to describe a range of numbers.

Spinal Level Format
warning

This rule looks for duplication of spinal level in the second reference of a spinal level, e.g. T2-T3.

Message

Consider removing the duplication of spinal level in the second reference '%s'.

Strong
warning

We have very specific rules about when we use bold.

Message

Generally, don't use bold in text: '%s'

Unit Capitalisation
warning

Eponymous unit names are lowercase when written in full, e.g. 3 tesla, and the litre takes a capital L. Anchored to a preceding number because every eponymous unit is also a surname, correctly capitalised when naming the person.

Message

Unit names are lowercase in full, and the litre takes a capital L: '%s'.

suggestions
Biographical Lifespan
suggestion

If there is a strong element in the History and etymology section, then it should be a person and when we mention people, we should include their lifespan details.

Message

A bold element in the History and etymology section should be a person; it would be useful to have their lifespan details: '%s'

Commas
suggestion

Check whether there are more than 5 commas in a sentence and warn that it might make reading more difficult.

Message

More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

Hidden Space
suggestion

Look for a hidden non-breaking space in the HTML (&nbsp;)

Message

There is a hidden non-breaking space in the HTML (&nbsp;). These should be avoided

Inline E G
suggestion

Sometimes, replacing a terminal e.g. in brackets with an inline e.g. after a comma works well.

Message

Consider replacing a bracketed e.g. with an inline e.g. after a comma.

M R I Vendor Sequences
suggestion

It would be best to steer clear of manufacturer-specific MRI sequence names, e.g. FISP, DRIVE.

Message

'%s' is an MRI-manufacturer-specific sequence, try to avoid using these.

Oxford Comma
suggestion

Ensure that where sensible, the Oxford comma is used.

Exceptions

chest, abdomen and pelvis
1, 2 or 4S

Message

Use the Oxford comma in '%s'.

Parentheses
suggestion

Using lots of parentheses in text can reduce readability. Warn when more than 3 are used in a text block.

Message

Use parentheses judiciously. There are at least 3 sets in this paragraph.

Recency
suggestion

Text describing evidence as recent dates badly. Use a date and a citation instead. Scoped to the evidence sense: clinical recency, such as a recent infarct, is a legitimate imaging finding and is not flagged.

Message

Avoid describing evidence as recent; give a date instead: '%s'.

Semicolons
suggestion

Use semicolons judiciously.

Message

Use semicolons judiciously.

There Is
suggestion

Don't start a sentence with "There is" or equivalent!

Message

Don't start a sentence with '%s'.