"50-70% of all patients with APSD have other associated cardiac malformations 3,4,5:"
"Early surgical or device closure is indicated as soon as the diagnosis is established to prevent congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Associated cardiovascular defects should also be repaired. The outcome of patients with this anomaly is excellent if correction is performed before complications of the disease arise 2."
"type I - proximal defect: proximal APSD located just above the sinus of Valsalva, a few millimetres above the semilunar valve; little inferior rim separating the APW from the semilunar valves"
"type III - total defect: total defect involving the entire aortopulmonary septum or ascending aorta"
"type I - proximal defect: proximal APSD located just above the sinus of Valsalva, a few millimetres above the semilunar valve; little inferior rim separating the APW from the semilunar valves"
"Allows direct visualisation of the anomalous anatomy. SSFP cine sequences can offer an additional functional assessment."
"Eisenmenger phenomenon"
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Echocardiography/antenatal ultrasound"
"Complications"
"type I - proximal defect: proximal APSD located just above the sinus of Valsalva, a few millimetres above the semilunar valve; little inferior rim separating the APW from the semilunar valves"
"type II - distal defect: distal APSD located in the uppermost portion of the ascending aorta; well-formed inferior rim but little superior rim"