Radiopaedia Helpers

Headings Spacing

error

"Treatment and prognosis "

Line 32:1 · Never put spaces at either end of headings.

"History and etymology "

Line 35:1 · Never put spaces at either end of headings.

List Caps

warning

"Axenfeld anomaly: posterior embryotoxon and peripheral irido-corneal adhesions"

Line 3:16 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

"Rieger anomaly: findings of Axenfeld anomaly along with corectopia (malposition of pupil), iris thinning and hole in iris"

Line 4:19 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Strong

warning

"Rieger anomaly: findings of Axenfeld anomaly along with corectopia (malposition of pupil), iris thinning and hole in iris"

Line 4:11 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'Rieger anomaly'

"The syndrome is named after Theodor Axenfeld, a German ophthalmologist who described it in 1920 ². Rieger also described it in 1934 ²."

Line 36:32 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'Theodor Axenfeld'

"The syndrome is named after Theodor Axenfeld, a German ophthalmologist who described it in 1920 ². Rieger also described it in 1934 ²."

Line 36:131 · Generally, don't use bold in text: 'Rieger'

Numbers Over10000

warning

"The syndrome is rare with an incidence of 1:200000 live births ². 40-70% of the cases have an associated FOXC1 or PITX2 genetic mutations ³. There is no gender predilection ⁴."

Line 8:48 · Use a thousands separators for large numbers.

Emphasis

warning

"The syndrome is rare with an incidence of 1:200000 live births ². 40-70% of the cases have an associated FOXC1 or PITX2 genetic mutations ³. There is no gender predilection ⁴."

Line 8:120 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'FOXC1'

"PITX2: normally activates DlX2 gene, which is responsible for craniofacial and tooth development ²; PITX2 mutation leads to maxillary and mandibular hypoplasia along with tooth abnormalities ²"

Line 26:8 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'PITX2'

"FOXC1: responsible for the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal cells and mutation in this gene leads to cardiac anomalies and thyroid dysfunction ²"

Line 27:8 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'FOXC1'

EG List And

warning

"ocular anomalies, e.g. glaucoma, iris hypoplasia, posterior embryotoxon and corneal opacities"

Line 15:26 · An e.g. list gives selected examples, so it should not end with 'and' or 'or': 'e.g. glaucoma, iris hypoplasia, posterior embryotoxon and'.

"dental anomalies, e.g. oligodontia, delayed tooth eruption, hypoplastic enamels and molars, peg shaped teeth"

Line 17:26 · An e.g. list gives selected examples, so it should not end with 'and' or 'or': 'e.g. oligodontia, delayed tooth eruption, hypoplastic enamels and'.

Heterogeneous Spelling

warning

"Given Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is so heterogenous, the radiographic features ultimately matches the clinical presentation for any given patient. For example, regarding dental anomalies, patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome have unerupted teeth, oligodontia and microdontia visible on orthopantomogram ²."

Line 30:41 · Radiopaedia advises the '-eous' form: 'heterogeneous' rather than 'heterogenous'.

Headings Valid

warning

Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Treatment and prognosis "

Line 32:1 · "Treatment and prognosis " is not a recognised heading for this article type.

"History and etymology "

Line 35:1 · "History and etymology " is not a recognised heading for this article type.

There Is

suggestion

"The syndrome is rare with an incidence of 1:200000 live births ². 40-70% of the cases have an associated FOXC1 or PITX2 genetic mutations ³. There is no gender predilection ⁴."

Line 8:185 · Don't start a sentence with 'There is'.

Semicolons

suggestion

"PITX2: normally activates DlX2 gene, which is responsible for craniofacial and tooth development ²; PITX2 mutation leads to maxillary and mandibular hypoplasia along with tooth abnormalities ²"

Line 26:135 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Oxford Comma

suggestion

"Given Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is so heterogenous, the radiographic features ultimately matches the clinical presentation for any given patient. For example, regarding dental anomalies, patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome have unerupted teeth, oligodontia and microdontia visible on orthopantomogram ²."

Line 30:244 · Use the Oxford comma in 'teeth, oligodontia and microdontia'.

"Congenital glaucoma may lead to blindness and requires management using beta-blockers or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ^3,4. Surgical management is by trabeculectomy, goniotomy or trabeculotomy ^3,4. Hydrocephalus, when present, may require surgical management ¹."

Line 33:172 · Use the Oxford comma in 'trabeculectomy, goniotomy or trabeculotomy'.

Lint: axenfeld-rieger-syndrome