"Kim et al."
"Park et al."
"grade 1 (moderate or non-severe stenosis): narrowest width of the neural foramen is 51–100% of the width of the extraforaminal nerve root at the level of the anterior margin of the superior articular process"
"Dedicated T2 FSE sagittal oblique sequences or sagittal oblique T2 SPACE reconstructions are equivalent for the in-plane assessment of neural exit foramina 9."
"Dedicated T2 FSE sagittal oblique sequences or sagittal oblique T2 SPACE reconstructions are equivalent for the in-plane assessment of neural exit foramina 9."
"Conserative options for acute and mild symptoms include analgesia and physiotherapy 10,11. Transforaminal epidural steroid injection is considered second-line if conserative measures fail at 4-6 weeks 11 and are an effective treatment option but pain reduction may not be associated with the severity of foraminal stenosis 8. Surgery (e.g. ACDF, cervical disc arthroplasty, posterior cervical foraminotomy) is indicated for severe symptoms or symptoms refractory to conservative treatments 10,11."
Expected headings
"Classification"
"Kim et al."
"Park et al."
"Cervical neural exit foraminal stenosis is most commonly from disc degeneration (reduced foraminal height, uncovertebral arthrosis) or facet joint arthropathy with disc herniation less common 4,11. Less common causes include tumours, trauma, tortuous vertebral artery, meningeal or synovial cysts 11."
"There are a number of proposed grading systems for cervical foraminal stenosis with excellent inter-reader correlation 1. Using the Park system, grades 2 and 3 are associated with positive neurologic manifestations with low sensitivity (~40%) and high specificity (~99%) 5,6."