"post-bronchidialtor FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.7"
"chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of productive cough for three months in each of two successive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough (e.g. bronchiectasis) have been excluded; patients with chronic bronchitis are not considered to have COPD unless they have airflow obstruction"
"post-bronchidialtor FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.7"
Expected headings
"This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists"
"Terminology"
"Chest radiograph"
"CT chest"
"This is a summary article; read more in our article on COPD."
"chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of productive cough for three months in each of two successive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough (e.g. bronchiectasis) have been excluded; patients with chronic bronchitis are not considered to have COPD unless they have airflow obstruction"
"emphysema is a pathological term defined as the destruction of the alveoli walls; this is one of the structural abnormalities that can be present in patients with COPD but can also be found in persons with normal lung function 1"
"centrilobular emphysema: this is the most common type of smoking-related emphysema; it is called centrilobular because the destruction of parenchyma is centred around the terminal bronchiole, which is in the centre of the secondary pulmonary lobule, and it tends to be more marked in the upper zones"
"panlobular emphysema: this type of emphysema is associated to alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency but can also be seen in smoking-related emphysema, usually mixed with centrilobular emphysema; it is called panlobular because it affects all the areas of the lung lobule more or less equally"
"may determine the presence, pattern and extent of emphysema"