"congenital cardiac anomalies: ~ 5% of non hydropic pleural effusions 1"
"chromosomal anomalies 1,3 (can be present in ~ 50% with an additional sonographic abnormality and ~ 12% without an additional sonographic abnormality 9)"
"chromosomal anomalies 1,3 (can be present in ~ 50% with an additional sonographic abnormality and ~ 12% without an additional sonographic abnormality 9)"
"Down syndrome: ~ 20% (range 5-33%) of non hydropic pleural effusions 1,7"
"polydactyly: ~ 1% of non hydropic pleural effusions 1"
"Fetal pleural effusions (FPE) refer to an accumulation of pleural fluid in utero. It can refer to either a fetal chylothorax or a fetal hydrothorax."
Expected headings
"Causes"
"Associations"