"The valgus deformity can be quantified with the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), which measures the angle between the mechanical axis of the femur and the centre of the ankle joint on AP, full-length, weight-bearing radiographs. The first line is drawn between the centre of the femoral head and the femoral intercondylar point, while the second line runs from the tibial interspinous point to the tibial mid-plafond point. The angle between these lines determines the hip-knee-ankle angle. The normal range is varying due to the physiologic varus angle in infants, and physiologic valgus configuration in young children, but is generally 1-1.5° in healthy adults 2."
"Physiologic genu valgum is a self-correcting condition not necessitating treatment. For bilateral genu valgum caused by systemic disease, the treatment of the underlying condition is paramount. Unilateral genu valgum may necessitate surgical management (e.g. hemiepiphysiodesis, physeal tethering or distal femoral varus osteotomy) 3."
Expected headings
"Radiographic appearance"
"Plain radiograph"