"Terminology "
"Clinical presentation "
"Pathology "
"Aetiology "
"Location "
"Radiographic features "
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of elderly adults (usually >80 years old). It manifests clinically as amnestic dementia and pathologically as TDP-43 proteinopathy in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of elderly adults (usually >80 years old). It manifests clinically as amnestic dementia and pathologically as TDP-43 proteinopathy in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"While LATE represents the clinical disorder, the term limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy-neuropathological changes (LATE-NC) refers to the pathologic findings regardless of the clinical manifestations."
"LATE neuropathological change is characterised by proteinopathy of TDP-43 (transactive response DNA-binding protein 43), which is also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and most cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration 1. TDP-43 is a multifunctional protein that regulates gene transcription and translation. When the protein is hyperphosphorylated in disease states, TDP-43 mislocalises to the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus and forms inclusion bodies. Abnormal TDP-43 accumulates in not only neurones but also oligodendrocytes and astrocytes."
"LATE neuropathological change is characterised by proteinopathy of TDP-43 (transactive response DNA-binding protein 43), which is also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and most cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration 1. TDP-43 is a multifunctional protein that regulates gene transcription and translation. When the protein is hyperphosphorylated in disease states, TDP-43 mislocalises to the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus and forms inclusion bodies. Abnormal TDP-43 accumulates in not only neurones but also oligodendrocytes and astrocytes."
"LATE neuropathological change is characterised by proteinopathy of TDP-43 (transactive response DNA-binding protein 43), which is also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and most cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration 1. TDP-43 is a multifunctional protein that regulates gene transcription and translation. When the protein is hyperphosphorylated in disease states, TDP-43 mislocalises to the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus and forms inclusion bodies. Abnormal TDP-43 accumulates in not only neurones but also oligodendrocytes and astrocytes."
"LATE neuropathological change is characterised by proteinopathy of TDP-43 (transactive response DNA-binding protein 43), which is also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and most cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration 1. TDP-43 is a multifunctional protein that regulates gene transcription and translation. When the protein is hyperphosphorylated in disease states, TDP-43 mislocalises to the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus and forms inclusion bodies. Abnormal TDP-43 accumulates in not only neurones but also oligodendrocytes and astrocytes."
"The medial temporal lobe is predominantly affected. An autopsy staging system is proposed for describing the anatomic distribution of TDP-43 proteinopathy 1:"
"Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against phosphorylated TDP-43 demonstrate inclusion bodies in the nucleus and cytoplasm of affected cells 1."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"While LATE represents the clinical disorder, the term limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy-neuropathological changes (LATE-NC) refers to the pathologic findings regardless of the clinical manifestations."
"No diagnostic biomarker exists for LATE and definitive diagnosis can only be established with an autopsy. Suggested clinicoradiological criteria have been proposed, but do not have widespread use 15."
Expected headings
"Terminology "
"Clinical presentation "
"Pathology "
"Aetiology "
"Location "
"Immunophenotype"
"Associations"
"Radiographic features "
"MRI"
"Nuclear medicine"
"PET"
"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is the preferred term (and convenient initialism) according to a 2019 consensus working group report 1. The term encompasses several previously used terms for TDP-43-related cognitive impairment, including hippocampal sclerosis 2 (not to be confused with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis), hippocampal sclerosis dementia 3, hippocampal sclerosis of ageing 4, and cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS) 5."
"stage 3: amygdala, hippocampus and middle frontal gyrus"
"On FDG-PET, LATE typically demonstrates hypometabolism in the mesial temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex, with relative sparing of the inferior temporal cortex 15. The inferior temporal/mesial temporal lobe ratio can be calculated, and is typically elevated 15. Importantly, amyloid and tau PET should be normal in LATE 15."