"Pulmonary valve (PV) stenosis is common, accounting for 7-12% of congenital heart disease 9 , approximately 1:1000 live births, and causes post-stenotic dilatation, (sometimes aneurysmal), in about 67% of adults and children with isolated PV stenosis 10. Mild PV stenosis is often asymptomatic and benign."
"The pulmonary trunk to aortic ratio (PA:A), also known as main pulmonary artery to aorta ratio (MPA:A), is a measurement that can be made on CT and MRI scans and, in some instances on echocardiography 3. In most instances, a normal ratio in adults is taken 1:1 or less, and with ratios greater than that suggests:"
"left to right cardiac shunts; ASD may present late whereas VSD and PDA typically cause characteristic loud murmurs"
Expected headings
"Measurement"
"left to right cardiac shunts; ASD may present late whereas VSD and PDA typically cause characteristic loud murmurs"
"high output such as anaemia, thyrotoxicosis and systemic arteriovenous shunts, e.g. hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia"