"T1-weighted SE sequences show a hyperintense haematoma in acute or subacute disease and can distinguish between haematoma and atherosclerotic plaque 9"
"endovascular stent-grafting (EVAR) can be considered in symptomatic patients or if there are signs of progression, although EVAR and more so TEVAR carry relatively significant morbidity and mortality risks 22-24"
"endovascular stent-grafting (EVAR) can be considered in symptomatic patients or if there are signs of progression, although EVAR and more so TEVAR carry relatively significant morbidity and mortality risks 22-24"
"endovascular stent-grafting (EVAR) can be considered in symptomatic patients or if there are signs of progression, although EVAR and more so TEVAR carry relatively significant morbidity and mortality risks 22-24"
Expected headings
"Size"
"Transoesophageal echocardiography"
"MRI and MRA"
"Complications"
"Most (~75%) penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers are asymptomatic or incidental findings 22. When symptomatic, patients present with an acute aortic syndrome, namely acute intense chest pain, often described as tearing, ripping, migrating or pulsating 1,8."
"Most (~75%) penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers are asymptomatic or incidental findings 22. When symptomatic, patients present with an acute aortic syndrome, namely acute intense chest pain, often described as tearing, ripping, migrating or pulsating 1,8."
"Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers can resolve completely or stay stable, or they can also progress to aortic dissection, aortic saccular aneurysms, perforation and spontaneous aortic rupture. There are conflicting reports about the most common course of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers 1."
"Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers with a depth >10 mm and width >20 mm are associated with a higher rate of progression to aortic dissection, aneurysm and rupture in one small series 15,19. Ulcer depth is the distance penetrated beyond the intima, and width is the maximal perpendicular dimension of the ulcer within the vessel wall 19. Increasing aorta diameter at the level of the ulcer is predictive of medical management failure 20."
"therefore, early or emergent surgical intervention is recommended 4"
"Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers can resolve completely or stay stable, or they can also progress to aortic dissection, aortic saccular aneurysms, perforation and spontaneous aortic rupture. There are conflicting reports about the most common course of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers 1."
"There is a greater predilection to involve the aortic arch and mid to distal thoracic aorta 6,18."
"There is limited evidence on when to treat penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers 22,23, and practices vary between hospitals, however, general principles are as follows:"