"grade 1: precursor state to cutaneous ulceration with skin erythema that does not blanch under fingertip pressure"
"grade 2: partial-thickness erosion of dermis presenting as a superficial pink wound"
"grade 3: full-thickness skin erosion with possible extension to subcutaneous fat or fascias"
"grade 4: full-thickness tissue necrosis with exposure of bone, muscle, tendons, or joint capsules"
"pressure irrigation using high-pressure water jets."
"Ultrasound is hard to perform on pressure ulcers because of gas, paraosteopathy changes, and skin thickness that does not allow ultrasound beam penetration 6. It may show fluid collections or abscess, but does not visualise fistulous tracts, bone, or joint involvement 6."
Expected headings
"Classification"
"Prevention"
"Complications"
"More than 100 risk factors are identified in the literature, and the most important ones to assess are impaired mobility and sensory perception, moisture, malnutrition, low activity, friction, and shear 3."
"Pressure ulcer results from sustained hypoperfusion and ischaemia, associated with a local inflammatory reaction and bacterial colonisation of the upper layers of the skin, extending progressively to the deeper layers leading to skin erosions, loss of all skin layers, necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue, and eventually necrosis of muscles, tendons, and bone."
"static or dynamic surfaces like cushions, foam, air or fluid-filled mattresses, air fluidized beds, pneumatic ripple beds"