Radiopaedia Helpers

time-of-flight-angiography-1

List Punctuation

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"acquisition times are relatively long (more than 5 minutes) ³."

Line 19:73 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

"retrograde arterial flow may be obscured if venous saturation bands have been applied."

Line 20:93 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

Acronyms

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"Time of flight angiography (TOF) is an MRI technique to visualise flow within vessels, without the need to administer contrast. It is a T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence exploiting flow-related enhancement of blood entering an imaging slice or volume to generate signal."

Line 1:40 · 'TOF' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"T1-weighted MRI sequences rely on partial saturation of the tissues being imaged to create differences in the returned signal. When repeated radiofrequency pulses are applied with short repetition time (TR), protons do not have sufficient time to fully recover their longitudinal magnetisation (Mz). The degree of recovery depends on the T1 relaxation time of each tissue, thereby generating image contrast."

Line 5:210 · 'TR' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"Time-of-flight MRA exploits this principle by using very short TR pulses to deliberately saturate stationary tissues, thereby markedly reducing the T1 signal of all tissues and thereby accentuating flow-related enhancement of blood flowing into the volume. However, as this blood enters, it immediately starts to become saturated, and after some time, it too loses its signal."

Line 7:67 · 'TR' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

"short TR"

Line 12:14 · 'TR' has no definition. Spell it out if it's unfamiliar to the audience.

Strong

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"The term enhancement in MRI is most strictly applied to increased signal intensity resulting from the administration of positive contrast media (e.g. gadolinium-based agents). Consequently, some purists argue that flow-related high signal is a more accurate descriptor for this phenomenon. That notwithstanding, much of the literature uses the term flow-related enhancement."

Line 3:225 · Generally, don't use bold in text: '<strong>flow-related high signal</strong>'

Litotes

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Line 5:230 · Consider using 'lack(s)' instead of 'not have'

Headings Valid

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Expected headings