"Excretion "
"Non-contrasted MR imaging such as arterial spin labelling (ASL), time of flight (TOF), phase contrast (PC), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and amide proton transfer (APT) imaging may provide an alternative imaging technique in answering specific diagnostic questions 13."
"The ACR has divided gadolinium-based contrast agents into three groups depending on the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 10-12."
"Gd-BOPTA, gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance)"
"Gd-HP-DO3A, gadoteridol (ProHance)"
"Gd-BT-DO3A, gadobutrol (Gadovist, Gadavist)"
"group III: no agents currently in this category (c. 2024) 10"
"Gd-DTPA, gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist)"
"Gd-BOPTA, gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance)"
"Gd-EOB-DTPA, gadoxetate disodium (Eovist, Primovist)"
"Gd-DTPA-BMA, gadodiamide (Omniscan)"
"Gd-DTPA-BMEA, gadoversetamide (OptiMARK)"
"Gd-DOTA, gadoterate meglumine (Dotarem, Artirem)"
"Gd-HP-DO3A, gadoteridol (ProHance)"
"Gd-BT-DO3A, gadobutrol (Gadovist, Gadavist)"
Expected headings
"Mechanism of enhancement"
"Effect on T2 relaxation time"
"Excretion "
"Adverse reactions"
"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis"
"Specific agents"
"detection of focal lesions (e.g. tumour, abscess, metastasis)"
"calculating MR perfusion parameters (e.g. MTT, CBV, ktrans, Tmax)"
"There is a 30% possibility of recurrence of hypersensitivity in patients who have had a previous hypersensitivity episode to gadolinium contrast agents 9. The risk of adverse reactions is higher in patients with bronchial asthma, a history of reactions to iodine-based contrast media, or others."
"There is an association between the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with renal failure and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). However, nearly all unconfounded cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis have been linked to one of the three linear Group I gadolinium contrast agents."
"Non-contrasted MR imaging such as arterial spin labelling (ASL), time of flight (TOF), phase contrast (PC), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and amide proton transfer (APT) imaging may provide an alternative imaging technique in answering specific diagnostic questions 13."
"Non-contrasted MR imaging such as arterial spin labelling (ASL), time of flight (TOF), phase contrast (PC), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and amide proton transfer (APT) imaging may provide an alternative imaging technique in answering specific diagnostic questions 13."
"group III: no agents currently in this category (c. 2024) 10"