"Although about one-quarter of the world’s population has been infected with tuberculosis, only 5–10% develop the disease, and people residing in lower income countries are disproportionately affected."
"Patients with HIV AIDS are about 16–25 times more likely to develop TB, and TB is the leading cause of death in these patients. The risk of developing active TB rises sharply as CD4 T-lymphocyte counts decline below 350 cells/mm³ and especially below 200 cells/mm³. The annual risk can be 10% or more in those with advanced immunosuppression."
"Tuberculosis, commonly also known as TB (short for tuberculosis or tubercle bacillus), is predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads from human to human by aerosol. Mycobacterium bovis can be acquired through drinking unpasteurised milk or through close contact with infected ruminants such as cattle, bison or deer, and the abdomen is the usual initial site of infection."
"Patients with HIV AIDS are about 16–25 times more likely to develop TB, and TB is the leading cause of death in these patients. The risk of developing active TB rises sharply as CD4 T-lymphocyte counts decline below 350 cells/mm³ and especially below 200 cells/mm³. The annual risk can be 10% or more in those with advanced immunosuppression."
"Patients with HIV AIDS are about 16–25 times more likely to develop TB, and TB is the leading cause of death in these patients. The risk of developing active TB rises sharply as CD4 T-lymphocyte counts decline below 350 cells/mm³ and especially below 200 cells/mm³. The annual risk can be 10% or more in those with advanced immunosuppression."
"Patients with HIV AIDS are about 16–25 times more likely to develop TB, and TB is the leading cause of death in these patients. The risk of developing active TB rises sharply as CD4 T-lymphocyte counts decline below 350 cells/mm³ and especially below 200 cells/mm³. The annual risk can be 10% or more in those with advanced immunosuppression."
"Pulmonary cavities in humans are the primary source of airway transmission. Connections between cavities and bronchi are sometimes visible on CT but can be microscopic 8. Cavities are ideal breeding chambers for TB bacteria which use the caseum as a substrate. The lack of a blood supply shelters bacteria from the host immune system and anti-tuberculous drugs. Protected bacterial replication helps to promote genetic diversity and multi-drug resistance 9. Multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a major and increasing global health threat and only about 40% of such cases receive treatment."
"Pulmonary cavities in humans are the primary source of airway transmission. Connections between cavities and bronchi are sometimes visible on CT but can be microscopic 8. Cavities are ideal breeding chambers for TB bacteria which use the caseum as a substrate. The lack of a blood supply shelters bacteria from the host immune system and anti-tuberculous drugs. Protected bacterial replication helps to promote genetic diversity and multi-drug resistance 9. Multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a major and increasing global health threat and only about 40% of such cases receive treatment."
"Traditional beliefs about primary and reactivation TB have been overturned, firstly by the AIDS epidemic and then by genetic fingerprinting 13,19."
"In AIDS, loss and dysfunction of CD4+ T cells leads to “atypical” disease with manifestations similar to primary non-cavitating TB in young children, regardless of the timing of infection. When the CD4 count rises in response to antivirals, cavitation occurs. A mature functioning and activated immune system is a prerequisite of lung destruction. CD8+ T cell impairment increases susceptibility and impairs containment 16-18."
"Genetic fingerprinting has demonstrated that cavitation can occur in primary progressive TB, and it has also shown that adult cavitating TB can be due to a new infection as well as reactivation of dormant bacteria."
"Genetic fingerprinting has demonstrated that cavitation can occur in primary progressive TB, and it has also shown that adult cavitating TB can be due to a new infection as well as reactivation of dormant bacteria."
"The original assumptions that non-cavitating TB indicates primary infection and that cavitating lung disease signalled disease reactivation of prior infection were based on assumptions and these were repeated in the literature for many decades without question. The implications are important for contact-tracing: it is much easier to find exposed contacts of a patient with cavitating TB compared to finding the source of a cluster of new infections 13."
"The original assumptions that non-cavitating TB indicates primary infection and that cavitating lung disease signalled disease reactivation of prior infection were based on assumptions and these were repeated in the literature for many decades without question. The implications are important for contact-tracing: it is much easier to find exposed contacts of a patient with cavitating TB compared to finding the source of a cluster of new infections 13."
"In 1943 Alfred Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie and Selman Waksman isolated streptomycin, the first bactericidal agent against TB 11. The drug cured many infectious diseases in trials, including tularaemia and bubonic plague, and it revolutionized the treatment of TB, the ‘Great White Plague’ of man. However drug resistance soon led to combination treatment with para-amino salicylic acid (PAS). Selman Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1952 10."
"In 1943 Alfred Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie and Selman Waksman isolated streptomycin, the first bactericidal agent against TB 11. The drug cured many infectious diseases in trials, including tularaemia and bubonic plague, and it revolutionized the treatment of TB, the ‘Great White Plague’ of man. However drug resistance soon led to combination treatment with para-amino salicylic acid (PAS). Selman Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1952 10."
"Tuberculosis, commonly also known as TB (short for tuberculosis or tubercle bacillus), is predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads from human to human by aerosol. Mycobacterium bovis can be acquired through drinking unpasteurised milk or through close contact with infected ruminants such as cattle, bison or deer, and the abdomen is the usual initial site of infection."
"M. bovis accounts for around 1-26% of cases, depending geographical location and exposure to infected animals and their products 12."
"Aristotle is usually credited as being the first to recognise the contagious nature of the disease however the infectious agent was only identified centuries later by Robert Koch in 1882 4. M. tuberculosis was initially known as Koch bacillus and tuberculosis was known as Koch disease 5. It was also known as consumption due to the severe associated weight loss; the disease "consumed", or ate up, the body 21."
"Tuberculosis, commonly also known as TB (short for tuberculosis or tubercle bacillus), is predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads from human to human by aerosol. Mycobacterium bovis can be acquired through drinking unpasteurised milk or through close contact with infected ruminants such as cattle, bison or deer, and the abdomen is the usual initial site of infection."
"In AIDS, loss and dysfunction of CD4+ T cells leads to “atypical” disease with manifestations similar to primary non-cavitating TB in young children, regardless of the timing of infection. When the CD4 count rises in response to antivirals, cavitation occurs. A mature functioning and activated immune system is a prerequisite of lung destruction. CD8+ T cell impairment increases susceptibility and impairs containment 16-18."
"History and etymology"
"Aristotle is usually credited as being the first to recognise the contagious nature of the disease however the infectious agent was only identified centuries later by Robert Koch in 1882 4. M. tuberculosis was initially known as Koch bacillus and tuberculosis was known as Koch disease 5. It was also known as consumption due to the severe associated weight loss; the disease "consumed", or ate up, the body 21."