"The main reservoirs are small mammals such as rabbits; arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes and deer flies are important vectors 1. Infection can occur by direct contact with a living or dead animal carrier, contaminated water, mud, hay or straw, through an insect bite or from a laboratory plate. No human to human transmission has been documented. Bacteria are hardy and can survive for weeks in cold water or soil, even in frosty environments, but are destroyed by adequate cooking. The term ‘lawnmower disease’ refers to infection caused by the spattering of animal carcass fragments. Just 10 - 50 organisms are sufficient to cause infection."
"Non-specific fever, chills, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, weakness, dry cough, haemoptysis, and diarrhoea—are common regardless of the mode of infection and may lead to diagnostic delays."
"Severe pneumonic and typhoidal forms can be fatal in up to 30–60% if untreated."
"Tularaemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent in the US 7. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularaemia is a notifiable disease in most countries."
"The most virulent form, Francisella tularensis biovar tularensis (type A) can cause fatal pneumonia and is endemic to North America, especially central and south-central US, where between 90 and 154 cases are reported each year. Less virulent subspecies (F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (Type B)) predominate in continental Europe and Asia 1."
"Francisella tularensis is a tiny aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus with surface pili that enable it to bind to host cells. Macrophages phagocytose the bacteria. The bacteria then inhibit normal phagosome function and lyse the phagosome membrane, erupting into the cytoplasm where they breed, killing the host cell which subsequently bursts, releasing the progeny. Infected foci become necrotic, producing caseating granulomata which may contain multi-nucleated giant cells. Abscesses can form."
"Tularaemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent in the US 7. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularaemia is a notifiable disease in most countries."
"The most virulent form, Francisella tularensis biovar tularensis (type A) can cause fatal pneumonia and is endemic to North America, especially central and south-central US, where between 90 and 154 cases are reported each year. Less virulent subspecies (F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (Type B)) predominate in continental Europe and Asia 1."
"PCR detection of F. tularensis DNA from whole blood, skin biopsy specimens or suppurative material is most sensitive during the first week of illness, and before adminstration of antibiotics."
"Warn laboratory staff so that biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) containment and procedures are implemented 8."
"ARDS"
"atypical pneumonia, TB, histoplasmosis, Q fever and anthrax can also cause lymph nodes large enough to be diagnosed on a chest radiograph"
"Tularaemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent in the US 7. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularaemia is a notifiable disease in most countries."
"The main reservoirs are small mammals such as rabbits; arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes and deer flies are important vectors 1. Infection can occur by direct contact with a living or dead animal carrier, contaminated water, mud, hay or straw, through an insect bite or from a laboratory plate. No human to human transmission has been documented. Bacteria are hardy and can survive for weeks in cold water or soil, even in frosty environments, but are destroyed by adequate cooking. The term ‘lawnmower disease’ refers to infection caused by the spattering of animal carcass fragments. Just 10 - 50 organisms are sufficient to cause infection."
"The main reservoirs are small mammals such as rabbits; arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes and deer flies are important vectors 1. Infection can occur by direct contact with a living or dead animal carrier, contaminated water, mud, hay or straw, through an insect bite or from a laboratory plate. No human to human transmission has been documented. Bacteria are hardy and can survive for weeks in cold water or soil, even in frosty environments, but are destroyed by adequate cooking. The term ‘lawnmower disease’ refers to infection caused by the spattering of animal carcass fragments. Just 10 - 50 organisms are sufficient to cause infection."
"Multifocal consolidation, cavitation and multiple pulmonary nodules can occur."
"The main reservoirs are small mammals such as rabbits; arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes and deer flies are important vectors 1. Infection can occur by direct contact with a living or dead animal carrier, contaminated water, mud, hay or straw, through an insect bite or from a laboratory plate. No human to human transmission has been documented. Bacteria are hardy and can survive for weeks in cold water or soil, even in frosty environments, but are destroyed by adequate cooking. The term ‘lawnmower disease’ refers to infection caused by the spattering of animal carcass fragments. Just 10 - 50 organisms are sufficient to cause infection."
"In the lung, solitary mass-like consolidation with lymphadenopathy and small effusion is typically misinterpreted as lung cancer, however the clinical features indicate acute infection. Nodes may suppurate; peripheral ground-glass opacity and air-bronchograms are often present."
"Non-specific fever, chills, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, weakness, dry cough, haemoptysis, and diarrhoea—are common regardless of the mode of infection and may lead to diagnostic delays."
"There are six major clinical forms:"
"History and etymology"