"Terminology "
"post-cardiopulmonary bypass"
"bilateral opacities on chest imaging (chest x-ray or CT of the chest) not explained by other pulmonary pathology (e.g. pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or nodules)"
"Note: The Berlin definition replaces the older American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) definition from 1994 1,3"
"heterogenous distribution"
"Treatment is largely supportive, focusing on managing fluid balance and improving oxygenation with oxygen therapy and careful, individualised mechanical ventilation to reduce ventilator-induced lung injury (typically, low tidal volumes and low pressure) 22. Glucocorticoids, inhaled pulmonary vasodilators, and neuromuscular blockade may also be administered 22. Prolonged prone positioning (12-16 hours a day) has also been shown to reduce mortality 22,23. In selected severe cases, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) may also be helpful 22."
Expected headings
"Terminology "
"Pulmonary causes"
"Extrapulmonary causes"
"Early phase"
"Late phase and appearances in long-term survivors"
"Classification"
"bilateral opacities on chest imaging (chest x-ray or CT of the chest) not explained by other pulmonary pathology (e.g. pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or nodules)"
"presence of a pneumothorax excluded by underlying artifacts (e.g. B-lines, lung pulse)"
"Chest radiographic findings of acute respiratory distress syndrome are non-specific and resemble those of typical pulmonary oedema or pulmonary haemorrhage. There are diffuse bilateral coalescent opacities."