"if the membranous posterior wall of the trachea bows anteriorly, the scan has been performed in expiration and lung attenuation will be increased."
"Ground-glass opacification/opacity (GGO) is a descriptive term referring to an area of increased attenuation in the lung on computed tomography (CT) with preserved bronchial and vascular markings. It is a non-specific sign with a wide aetiology including infection, chronic interstitial disease and acute alveolar disease."
"Is the GGO pathological?"
"What is the time course of the GGO?"
"acute GGO lasts only days or weeks. In this setting, imaging is less important as the most common causes of acute GGO (infection, oedema, haemorrhage, ARDS, and non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis) may have overlapping and non-specific features. The clinical features are the key to diagnosis"
"acute GGO lasts only days or weeks. In this setting, imaging is less important as the most common causes of acute GGO (infection, oedema, haemorrhage, ARDS, and non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis) may have overlapping and non-specific features. The clinical features are the key to diagnosis"
"acute GGO lasts only days or weeks. In this setting, imaging is less important as the most common causes of acute GGO (infection, oedema, haemorrhage, ARDS, and non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis) may have overlapping and non-specific features. The clinical features are the key to diagnosis"
"chronic GGO may remain relatively unchanged for many weeks and even years. In these case the spatial distribution and additional imaging findings are important"
"recurring GGO (e.g., haemorrhages in vasculitis), is a potential pitfall when assessing the time course"
"upper zone predominant GGO may occur in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, respiratory bronchiolitis and sarcoidosis"
"mid and lower zone predominant GGO may occur in non-specific interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, and aspiration"
"GGO in the peripheral zone may occur in non-specific interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, organising pneumonia and eosinophilic pneumonia"
"GGO in the central zone may occur in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary oedema, and aspiration"
"pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP/PJP)"
"pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP/PJP)"
"simple pulmonary eosinophilia (SPE): nodules with a GGO halo"
"idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHS): nodules with a GGO halo"
"acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP): bilateral patchy areas of GGO with interlobular septal thickening"
"eosinophilic drug reactions: peripheral airspace consolidation and GGO"
"non-specific interstitial pneumonia: GGO with linear or reticular markings, micronodules, consolidation, and microcystic honeycombing"
"usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP): focal GGO with macrocystic honeycombing, reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis, and architectural distortion"
"cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP): formerly bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia (BOOP); GGO with airspace consolidation and mild bronchial dilatation"
"exudative phase of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP): diffuse lung consolidation with GGO"
"respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD): patchy GGO centrilobular nodules and bronchial wall thickening"
"desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP): GGO with linear or reticular opacities"
"lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP): GGO often in association with perivascular cystic lesions, septal thickening, and centrilobular nodules"
"pulmonary cryptococcus infection: solitary or multiple pulmonary nodules with or without peripheral GGO"
"Is the GGO pathological?"
"What is the time course of the GGO?"
"What is the spatial distribution?"
"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)"
"IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)"
Expected headings
"Morphological forms"
"Infections"
"Opportunistic"
"Non-opportunistic"
"Chronic interstitial diseases"
"Acute alveolar disease"
"Other causes"
"Rare causes"
"cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP): formerly bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia (BOOP); GGO with airspace consolidation and mild bronchial dilatation"
"focal interstitial fibrosis: a non-neoplastic entity with a nodular ground-glass opacity that does not change over a long period of time; can be mistaken for a neoplastic process"
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