"The incidence of acute upper GI bleeding is ~100 per 100,000 adults per year. Upper GI bleeding is twice as common in men as in women and increases in prevalence with age 5. The demographics of the affected individual will depend on the underlying aetiology (see below)."
"Angiography and embolisation are used in refractory cases and is generally preferred over surgery. 85% of upper GI haemorrhage is from the left gastric artery territory. Extra-vascular contrast extravasation indicates the site of active bleeding and may be linear (pseudo-vein sign) or blotchy."
"Angiography and embolisation are used in refractory cases and is generally preferred over surgery. 85% of upper GI haemorrhage is from the left gastric artery territory. Extra-vascular contrast extravasation indicates the site of active bleeding and may be linear (pseudo-vein sign) or blotchy."
"The incidence of acute upper GI bleeding is ~100 per 100,000 adults per year. Upper GI bleeding is twice as common in men as in women and increases in prevalence with age 5. The demographics of the affected individual will depend on the underlying aetiology (see below)."
"The incidence of acute upper GI bleeding is ~100 per 100,000 adults per year. Upper GI bleeding is twice as common in men as in women and increases in prevalence with age 5. The demographics of the affected individual will depend on the underlying aetiology (see below)."
"Classically presents with haematemesis and/or melaena. Although haematemesis and melaena suggest a more proximal source, 15% of patients with upper GI bleeding present with haematochezia (fresh blood passed per rectum). Slow bleeding may cause iron-deficiency anaemia 4."
"tumour, e.g. oesophageal or gastric cancer, GIST"
"medication, e.g. warfarin, NSAIDs, aspirin, SSRI, corticosteroids"
"There are some values of using CT as the 'next step' technique in identifying a bleeding source within the GIT following negative or failed endoscopy in the acute setting 6."
"Angiography and embolisation are used in refractory cases and is generally preferred over surgery. 85% of upper GI haemorrhage is from the left gastric artery territory. Extra-vascular contrast extravasation indicates the site of active bleeding and may be linear (pseudo-vein sign) or blotchy."
"Upper GI embolisation is well tolerated because of the rich collateral blood supply. In a patient with significant bleeding, if no active bleeding site is identified on angiography, but there is documented upper GI bleeding on endoscopy or NG aspirates, prophylactic embolisation of the left gastric artery is sometimes performed."
"Upper GI embolisation is well tolerated because of the rich collateral blood supply. In a patient with significant bleeding, if no active bleeding site is identified on angiography, but there is documented upper GI bleeding on endoscopy or NG aspirates, prophylactic embolisation of the left gastric artery is sometimes performed."
"Upper GI embolisation is well tolerated because of the rich collateral blood supply. In a patient with significant bleeding, if no active bleeding site is identified on angiography, but there is documented upper GI bleeding on endoscopy or NG aspirates, prophylactic embolisation of the left gastric artery is sometimes performed."
"Nuclear scintigraphy (Tc-99m-labelled red cell scan) is the most sensitive modality in detecting occult GI bleeding. However, it is often unable to accurately localise the source or the exact site of bleeding 7."
"In the setting of acute upper GI bleeding and haemodynamic instability, the priorities are urgent vascular access for resuscitation and referral for an upper GI endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic measure."
"In the setting of acute upper GI bleeding and haemodynamic instability, the priorities are urgent vascular access for resuscitation and referral for an upper GI endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic measure."
"Mallory-Weiss tear"
"Dieulafoy lesion"
"Angiography and embolisation are used in refractory cases and is generally preferred over surgery. 85% of upper GI haemorrhage is from the left gastric artery territory. Extra-vascular contrast extravasation indicates the site of active bleeding and may be linear (pseudo-vein sign) or blotchy."
Expected headings
"Risk factors"
"Acute setting"
"Chronic or occult bleeding"
"DSA"
"Furthermore, a variceal source should be considered if there is a history of liver disease, cirrhosis or excessive alcohol use, haematemesis or haematochezia, or if examination reveals stigmata of chronic liver disease.4"
"Furthermore, a variceal source should be considered if there is a history of liver disease, cirrhosis or excessive alcohol use, haematemesis or haematochezia, or if examination reveals stigmata of chronic liver disease.4"
"There are some values of using CT as the 'next step' technique in identifying a bleeding source within the GIT following negative or failed endoscopy in the acute setting 6."