"autoimmune: formerly referred to as idiopathic or primary, 90% of cases"
"secondary: 5-10% presents in individuals with other precipitating illness"
"congenital: 2%"
"Standard treatment includes therapeutic whole-lung bronchoalveolar lavage to remove alveolar material, although its role in children is less certain 6. Recombinant human GM-CSF supplementation (e.g. inhaled molgramostim) has been used with varying effectiveness 12,16."
"Aspergillus spp."
"Candida spp."
"IgG antibodies to GM-CSF"
"Aspergillus spp."
"Candida spp."
"Cryptococcus neoformans"
"Histoplasma capsulatum"
"Mycobacterium (tuberculous and non-tuberculous)"
"Pneumocystis spp."
"Streptococcus pneumoniae"
"more frequent in patients with CML than in those AML"
"immunodeficiency/immunosuppression (e.g. HIV/AIDS and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation 13) with coexistent infection, e.g. nocardiosis, aspergillosis, PCP"
"due to a mutation in genes encoding SP-B, SP-C, or GM-CSF receptor 8,9"
"due to a mutation in genes encoding SP-B, SP-C, or GM-CSF receptor 8,9"
"(+) BAL or serum anti-GM-CSF antibodies 12"
"superimposed infection: especially with Nocardia asteroides sp. 1, although there are many others"
"Aspergillus spp."
"Candida spp."
"Cryptococcus neoformans"
"Histoplasma capsulatum"
"Mycobacterium (tuberculous and non-tuberculous)"
"Pneumocystis spp."
"Streptococcus pneumoniae"
Expected headings
"Associations"
"Complications"
"Clinical presentation is usually with non-specific respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea and/or a minimally-productive cough. Approximately one-third of patients may be asymptomatic. In children, the presentation is often less clearly respiratory in nature, with diarrhoea, vomiting, failure to thrive and even cyanosis being more common 6. Symptoms may also be due to superadded opportunistic infections. Signs include crackles on auscultation, clubbing or cyanosis."
"Pleural effusions, cardiomegaly and lymphadenopathy are usually not features of uncomplicated pulmonary alveolar proteinosis."