"As Charles Thurstan Holland (1863-1941), one of the early radiological pioneers stated in 1938 about those earliest days "There were no x-ray departments in any of the hospitals. There were no experts. There was no literature. No one knew anything about radiographs of the normal, to say nothing of the abnormal" 2."
"Alban Köhler (1874-1947) was a German radiologist who made major contributions to the early work on anatomical variation. This resulted in his seminal work ‘Roentgenology - The Borderlands of the Normal and Early Pathological in the Skiagram’ a textbook exploring anatomical variations and anomalies, first published in German in 1910, which remains in print to this day (5th English edition 2002)."
"The term "normal anatomical variants" or just "normal variants" is often used interchangeably with "anatomical variants". Inclusion of the prefix "normal" can create difficulty as it may imply that there is no pathological ramification of the variance in the anatomy present. In many cases this is true, but some variants may be symptomatic/cause significant pathology. Therefore it may be better to avoid using normal in this way."
"The term "normal anatomical variants" or just "normal variants" is often used interchangeably with "anatomical variants". Inclusion of the prefix "normal" can create difficulty as it may imply that there is no pathological ramification of the variance in the anatomy present. In many cases this is true, but some variants may be symptomatic/cause significant pathology. Therefore it may be better to avoid using normal in this way."