"direct: direct communication between intracavernous ICA and cavernous sinus"
"indirect: communication exists via branches of the carotid circulation (internal carotid artery or external carotid artery)"
"type A: direct connection between the intracavernous internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus"
"type B: dural shunt between intracavernous branches of the internal carotid and cavernous sinus"
"type C: dural shunts between meningeal branches of the external carotid artery and cavernous sinus"
"type D: type B and type C combined"
"Direct (Barrow type A)"
"Indirect (Barrow types B, C, D)"
"Indirect fistulas are due to communication by multiple branches between the internal and/or external carotid arteries and the cavernous sinus. The most frequent are type C, with meningeal branches of the external carotid forming the fistula 3."
Expected headings
"Direct (Barrow type A)"
"Indirect (Barrow types B, C, D)"
"Conservative management"
"Carotid compression therapy"
"Endovascular treatment"
"Direct fistulas"
"Indirect fistulas"
"Surgical treatment"
"Complications"
"A direct fistula is due to direct communication between the intracavernous internal carotid artery and the surrounding cavernous sinus. There are a number of causes, however, aneurysm rupture and trauma are by far the most common:"
"Spontaneous haemorrhage can be subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, or extracranial haemorrhage (e.g. epistaxis or otorrhagia)."