"There is a broad range of causes, both local and systemic 2:"
"chemical irritants (e.g. intranasal medications)"
"congenital (e.g. von Willebrand disease)"
"acquired (e.g. anticoagulation, alcohol use)"
"vasoconstrictors (e.g. oxymetazoline)"
"cauterisation (e.g. silver nitrate)"
"surgical treatments (e.g. arterial ligation or embolisation)"