Radiopaedia Helpers

En Dash

error

"A significant minority of carotid body tumours are hereditary, with familial rates of approximately 30-40% reported in contemporary series; multicentric disease is common in this setting (35–50%) ^1,3,15,16. Other risk factors include residence at high altitude (>2,000 m)⁶."

Line 6:194 · Use a hyphen-minus ('-') instead of an en-dash ('–').

List Punctuation

error

"larger and show moderate arterial attachment."

Line 37:42 · Do not put full stops at the end of a list item.

Adjectival Hyphens

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"Pre-operative embolisation has been performed, particularly in larger tumours, primarily aiming to reduce intraoperative blood loss, although its use is heterogeneous, with some centres safely removing even larger tumours without embolisation ¹⁰."

Line 87:4 · Only use medical adjectival hyphens where the letters at the end and start of the compound word are the same, e.g. post-transplant. In this case, don't use the hyphen: 'Pre-operative'.

Hybrid Imaging Slash

error

"PET/CT with Gallium-68 DOTATATE is now considered the first-line functional modality, superseding Octreoscan^12-14. It is effective at identifying both metastatic disease and multifocal disease¹⁴."

Line 90:4 · Hybrid imaging takes a hyphen, not a slash: 'PET/CT'.

"FDG-PET/CT is useful to assess for the presence of metastatic disease¹⁴."

Line 91:11 · Hybrid imaging takes a hyphen, not a slash: 'PET/CT'.

Emphasis

warning

"SDHD and SDHAF2: highest risk for multifocal head and neck paragangliomas"

Line 16:8 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'SDHD and SDHAF2'

"SDHB: is less common but has the highest metastatic risk"

Line 17:8 · Italics should be used only in exceptional circumstances: 'SDHB'

List Caps

warning

"Wnt-altered clusters"

Line 22:8 · In general, we don't start a list item with a capital letter. Exceptions are proper nouns.

Prefix Hyphens

warning

"The Shamblin classification proposed in 1971⁷ remains the most widely used classification for carotid body tumours and was based on catheter angiography but can easily be applied to CT and MRI ⁴. It predicts the ease of resection, need for vascular reconstruction and how much intra-operative blood loss is to be expected ^4,7,14."

Line 25:304 · A prefix takes a hyphen only to avoid a duplicate letter: 'intra-operative'.

Headings Valid

warning

Expected headings

H1 Terminology
H1 Usage
H1 Epidemiology
H2 Risk factors
H2 Associations
H1 Clinical presentation
H2 Complications
H1 Diagnosis
H2 Diagnostic criteria
H2 Diagnostic clues
H1 Pathology
H2 Aetiology
H2 Location
H2 Classification
H2 Macroscopic appearance
H2 Microscopic appearance
H2 Immunophenotype
H2 Markers
H2 Genetics
H1 Radiographic features
H2 Plain radiograph
H2 Mammography
H2 Antenatal ultrasound
H2 Transoesophageal echocardiography
H2 Ultrasound
H2 CT
H3 Dual-energy CT
H2 Angiography (DSA)
H2 MRI
H2 CT/MRI
H2 Nuclear medicine
H3 PET-CT
H3 PET-MRI
H1 Radiology report
H1 Treatment and prognosis
H2 Complications
H1 History and etymology
H1 Differential diagnosis
H2 Clinical differential diagnosis
H1 Practical points
H1 See also

"Classification"

Line 24:1 · "Classification" should be H2, not H1.

Semicolons

suggestion

Line 6:142 · Use semicolons judiciously.

"vagal schwannoma: spreads the ICA and internal jugular vein; displaces the ICA anteromedially ⁵"

Line 102:74 · Use semicolons judiciously.

Oxford Comma

suggestion

"Cranial nerves that travel in the carotid sheath (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves) may be involved. Associated symptoms relate to their dysfunction ²."

Line 9:89 · Use the Oxford comma in 'vagus, accessory and hypoglossal'.

"Malignant carotid body tumours, most often Shamblin group III tumours, with metastases most commonly to regional lymph nodes, bone, lung and liver and ^3,9,15,17."

Line 95:130 · Use the Oxford comma in 'bone, lung and liver'.

Commas

suggestion

"Malignant carotid body tumours, most often Shamblin group III tumours, with metastases most commonly to regional lymph nodes, bone, lung and liver and ^3,9,15,17."

Line 95:34 · More than 5 commas in a single sentence might make it more difficult to read.

Links

paraganglioma-1