"V: vascular, vitamin deficiency: B1, B3, B6, B12, folate"
"A: Alzheimer disease, autoimmune: cerebral vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus"
"N: normal pressure hydrocephalus, neoplasia"
"I: infection, e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, herpes simplex encephalitis, prion diseases, tertiary syphilis, HIV/AIDS, PML"
"S: substance use, serum abnormalities e.g. hyperammonaemia, uraemia, Wilson disease"
"H: hormones: hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism"
"E: electrolyte disturbances: e.g. hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypercalcaemia etc."
"D: depression (pseudodementia)"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"
"D: drugs/depression"
"E: elderly"
"M: multy-infarct/medication"
"E: environmental"
"N: nutritional"
"T: toxins"
"I: ischaemia"
"A: alcohol"
"N: normal pressure hydrocephalus, neoplasia"
"H: hormones: hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism"
"E: electrolyte disturbances: e.g. hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypercalcaemia etc."
"E: elderly"
"E: environmental"
"N: nutritional"
"T: toxins"
"A: alcohol"
"I: infection, e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, herpes simplex encephalitis, prion diseases, tertiary syphilis, HIV/AIDS, PML"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"
Expected headings
"VANISHED"
"DEMENTIA"
"I: infection, e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, herpes simplex encephalitis, prion diseases, tertiary syphilis, HIV/AIDS, PML"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"
"Note: this is not a great mnemonic as it is too broad, has overlapping items (e.g. nutrition, alcohol, toxins), misses important causes of pseudodementia (e.g. subdural haematomas, and tumours) and does not describe the most common causes of actual dementia (e.g. Alzheimer disease, LATE, dementia with Lewy bodies etc...)"